tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16801442744925831302024-03-14T04:55:09.959+01:00Urânia - José Galisi FilhoThe technological imagination from the early Romanticism through the historical Avant-Gardes to the Classical Space Age and beyondJosé Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.comBlogger600125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-53933762978853168642015-10-08T12:33:00.002+02:002015-10-08T12:33:43.506+02:00Das Naturbild Goethes und die technisch-naturwissenschaftliche Welt von Werner Heisenberg <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]--><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;"></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kM34KwM1B_8/VhY3oUVyJ1I/AAAAAAABcQg/SWbx-MGDS9U/s1600/entdeckungen-am-himmel100%257E_v-img__16__9__xl_-d31c35f8186ebeb80b0cd843a7c267a0e0c81647.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="358" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kM34KwM1B_8/VhY3oUVyJ1I/AAAAAAABcQg/SWbx-MGDS9U/s640/entdeckungen-am-himmel100%257E_v-img__16__9__xl_-d31c35f8186ebeb80b0cd843a7c267a0e0c81647.jpg" width="550" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;">Das Naturbild
Goethes und die technisch-naturwissenschaftliche Welt, dieses Thema ist so alt
wie Goethes Bemühungen um ein Verständnis der Natur, wie seine eigene
Naturwissenschaft; denn Goethe hat die Anfänge der
technisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Welt, die uns heute umgibt, noch selbst
miterlebt. Viel ist von ihm, von seinen Zeitgenossen, von Naturforschern und
Philosophen nach ihm über diese Problematik gesagt worden. Wir wissen längst,
eine wie wichtige Rolle diese Frage in Goethes Leben gespielt hat, und wir
wissen auch, was alles an unserer heutigen Welt in Frage gestellt wird, wenn
wir unsere technisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Errungenschaften an den
Forderungen Goethes messen. Es ist ferner oft darauf hingewiesen worden, wie
empfindlich Goethe auf die Kluft zwischen seiner Farbenlehre und der allgemein
anerkannten Optik Newtons reagiert hat, wie heftig und unsachlich seine Polemik
gegen Newton gelegentlich gewesen ist; und es ist auch bemerkt worden, dass
seine Kritik an der Romantik, seine so grundsätzlich ablehnende Haltung
gegenüber der romantischen Kunst, eine gewisse innere Beziehung zu seiner
Polemik gegen die herrschende Naturwissenschaft aufweist. Über all dies ist
schon so viel gesagt und geschrieben, die dahinterliegende Problematik ist von
vielen Seiten so gründlich beleuchtet worden, dass kaum etwas anderes zu tun
bleibt, als die oft ausgesprochenen Gedanken noch etwas weiter zu verfolgen und
von einer Kenntnis der heutigen technisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Welt,
insbesondere der neuesten Entwicklung der Naturwissenschaft her zu überprüfen.
Dies soll also in der Folge versucht werden. Dabei wollen wir uns nicht von
vornherein von der pessimistischen Auffassung leiten lassen, wie sie etwa bei
Karl Jaspers anklingt, dass Goethe, eben weil er sich vor der heraufkommenden
technischen Welt verschloss, weil er die Aufgabe, in dieser neuen Welt den Weg
des Menschen zu finden, nicht erkannte, uns heute an dieser Stelle nichts mehr
zu sagen habe. Vielmehr wollen wir die goetheschen Forderungen ruhig gelten
lassen, sie unserer heutigen Welt gegenüberstellen, gerade weil wir nicht so
viel Grund zum Pessimismus zu haben glauben. In den 150 Jahren, die verflossen
sind<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1680144274492583130#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">1</span></a>, seit Goethe hier in Weimar über das
Urphänomen der Farbenentstehung nachdachte und dichtete, hat sich die Welt sehr
anders entwickelt, als Goethe es sich erhoffte. Aber sie ist doch, das muss den
allzu scharfen Kritikern unserer Zeit entgegengehalten werden, von dem Teufel,
mit dem Faust das gefährliche Bündnis geschlossen hatte, noch nicht endgültig
geholt worden. Sehen wir also die alte Kontroverse noch einmal mit unseren
heutigen Augen an.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;">Für Goethe begannen
alle Naturbetrachtungen und alles Naturverständnis mit dem unmittelbaren
sinnlichen Eindruck; also nicht mit einer durch Apparaturen ausgefilterten, der
Natur gewissermassen abgezwungenen Einzelerscheinung, sondern mit dem
unmittelbar unseren Sinnen offenen, freien Naturgeschehen. Greifen wir eine
beliebige Stelle aus dem Abschnitt »Physiologische Farben« der Goetheschen
Farbenlehre heraus. Der Abstieg vom beschneiten Brocken an einem Winterabend
gibt Anlass zu folgender Beobachtung: »Waren den Tag über bei dem gelblichen
Ton des Schnees schon leise violette Schatten bemerklich gewesen, so musste man
sie nun für hochblau ansprechen, als ein gesteigertes Gelb von den beleuchteten
Teilen widerschien. Als aber die Sonne sich endlich ihrem Niedergang näherte
und ihre durch die stärkeren Dünste höchstgemässigten Strahlen die ganze mich
umgebende Welt mit der schönsten Purpurfarbe überzog, da verwandelte sich die
Schattenfarbe in ein Grün, das nach seiner Klarheit einem Meergrün, nach seiner
Schönheit einem Smaragdgrün verglichen werden konnte. Die Erscheinung ward
immer lebhafter. Man glaubte, sich in einer Feenwelt zu befinden, denn alles
hatte sich in die zwei lebhaften und so schön über einstimmenden Farben
gekleidet, bis endlich mit dem Sonnenuntergang die Prachterscheinung sich in
eine graue Dämmerung und nach und nach in eine mond- und sternhelle Nacht
verlor.«</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;">Aber Goethe blieb
bei der unmittelbaren Beobachtung nicht stehen. Er wusste sehr wohl, dass erst
mit dem Leitfaden eines zunächst nur vermuteten, dann aber im Erfolg zur
Gewissheit werdenden Zusammenhangs aus dem unmittelbaren Eindruck auch
Erkenntnis werden kann. Ich zitiere eine Stelle aus dem Vorwort zur
Farbenlehre: »Denn das blosse Anblicken einer Sache kann uns nicht fördern. Jedes
Ansehen geht über in ein Betrachten, jedes Betrachten in ein Sinnen, jedes
Sinnen in ein Verknüpfen, und so kann man sagen, dass wir schon bei jedem
aufmerksamen Blick in die Welt theoretisieren. Dieses aber mit Bewusstsein, mit
Selbsterkenntnis, mit Freiheit und, um uns eines gewagten Wortes zu bedienen,
mit Ironie zu tun und vorzunehmen, eine solche Gewandtheit ist nötig, wenn die
Abstraktion, vor der wir uns fürchten, unschädlich und das Erfahrungsresultat,
das wir hoffen, recht lebendig und nützlich werden soll.«</span><br />
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;"></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nF56W7i0bEY/VhY-oiwRv5I/AAAAAAABcRc/omCT4Fnrqjo/s1600/Uncertainty_principle.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nF56W7i0bEY/VhY-oiwRv5I/AAAAAAABcRc/omCT4Fnrqjo/s640/Uncertainty_principle.gif" width="550" /></a></div>
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;">»Die Abstraktion,
vor der wir uns fürchten.« An dieser Stelle ist nun schon genau bezeichnet, wo
Goethes Weg sich von dem der geltenden Naturwissenschaft trennen muss. Goethe
weiss, alle Erkenntnis bedarf der Bilder, der Verknüpfung, der sinngebenden
Strukturen. Ohne sie wäre Erkenntnis unmöglich. Aber der Weg zu diesen
Strukturen führt unweigerlich später in die Abstraktion. Das hatte Goethe schon
bei seinen Untersuchungen zur Morphologie der Pflanzen erlebt. In den so
verschiedenartigen Gestalten der Pflanzen, die er besonders auf seiner
italienischen Reise beobachtete, glaubte er bei eingehenderem Studium immer
deutlicher ein zugrundeliegendes, einheitliches Prinzip zu erkennen. Er sprach
von der »wesentlichen Form, mit der die Natur gleichsam nur immer spielt und
spielend das mannigfaltige Leben hervorbringt«, und von hier gelangt er zur
Vorstellung eines Urphänomens, der Urpflanze. »Mit diesem Modell«, sagt Goethe,
»und dem Schlüssel dazu, kann man alsdann noch Pflanzen ins Unendliche erfinden,
die, wenn sie auch nicht existieren, doch existieren könnten und eine innere
Wahrheit und Notwendigkeit haben.« Hier steht Goethe an der Grenze der
Abstraktion, vor der er sich fürchtete. Goethe hat sich selbst versagt, diese
Grenze zu überschreiten. Er hat auch gewarnt und gemeint, die Physiker und die
Philosophen sollten es ebenso halten. »Wäre denn auch ein solches Urphänomen
gefunden, so bleibt immer noch das Übel, dass man es nicht als solches
anerkennen will, dass wir hinter ihm und über ihm noch etwas Weiteres
aufsuchen, da wir doch hier die Grenzen des Schauens eingestehen sollten. Der
Naturforscher lasse die Urphänomene in ihrer ewigen Ruhe und Herrlichkeit
bestehen.« Die Grenze zum Abstrakten soll also nicht überschritten werden.
Dort, wo die Grenze des Schauens erreicht ist, soll der Weg nicht fortgesetzt
werden, indem man das Schauen durch abstraktes Denken ersetzt. Goethe war
überzeugt, dass das Lösen von der sinnlich wirklichen Welt, das Betreten dieses
grenzenlosen Bereichs der Abstraktion, zu mehr Schlechtem als Gutem führen
müsse.</span><br />
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9d8xYbA_gvA/VhY433riW0I/AAAAAAABcQs/EBC9vsQJswI/s1600/GoetheFarbkreis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9d8xYbA_gvA/VhY433riW0I/AAAAAAABcQs/EBC9vsQJswI/s640/GoetheFarbkreis.jpg" width="550" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;">Aber die
Naturwissenschaft war schon seit Newton andere Wege gegangen. Sie hat die
Abstraktion von Anfang an nicht gefürchtet, und ihre Erfolge bei der Erklärung
des Planetensystems, bei der praktischen Anwendung der Mechanik, bei der
Konstruktion optischer Apparate und vielem anderen haben ihr scheinbar recht
gegeben, und sie haben schnell dazu geführt, dass die Warnungen Goethes
überhört wurden. Diese Naturwissenschaft hat sich als eigentlich von Newtons grossem
Werk, den »Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica«, bis zum heutigen Tage
völlig geradlinig und folgerichtig entwickelt. Ihre Auswirkungen in der Technik
haben das Bild der Erde umgestaltet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;">In dieser
landläufigen Naturwissenschaft wird die Abstraktion an zwei etwas verschiedenen
Stellen vollzogen. Die Aufgabe lautet ja, in der bunten Vielfalt der
Erscheinungen das Einfache zu erkennen. Das Bestreben der Physiker musste also
darauf gerichtet sein, aus der verwirrenden Kompliziertheit der Phänomene
einfache Vorgänge herauszuschälen. Aber was ist einfach? Seit Galilei und
Newton lautet die Antwort: Einfach ist ein Vorgang, dessen gesetzmässiger
Ablauf quantitativ, in allen Einzelheiten, mathematisch ohne Schwierigkeiten
dargestellt werden kann. Der einfache Vorgang ist also nicht jener, den uns die
Natur unmittelbar darbietet; sondern der Physiker muss durch manchmal recht
komplizierte Apparate das bunte Gemisch der Phänomene erst trennen, das
Wichtige von allem unnötigen Beiwerk reinigen, bis der eine »einfache« Vorgang
allein und deutlich hervortritt, so dass man eben von allen Nebenerscheinungen
absehen, das heisst, abstrahieren kann. Das ist die eine Form der Abstraktion,
und Goethe meint dazu, dass man damit eigentlich schon die Natur selbst vertrieben
habe. Er sagt: »Nur begegnen wir der kühnen Behauptung, das sei nun auch noch
Natur, wenigstens mit einem stillen Lächeln, einem leisen Kopfschütteln; kommt
es doch dem Architekten nicht in den Sinn, seine Paläste für Gebirgslagen und
Wälder auszugeben.« Die andere Form der Abstraktion besteht im Gebrauch der
Mathematik zu Darstellung der Phänomene. In der Mechanik Newtons hat sich zum
erstenmal gezeigt - und das war der Grund für ihren enormen Erfolg -, dass in
der mathematischen Beschreibung riesige Erfahrungsbereiche einheitlich
zusammengefasst und damit einfach verstanden werden können. Die Fallgesetze
Galileis, die Bewegungen des Mondes um die Erde, die der Planeten um die Sonne,
die Schwingungen eines Pendels, die Bahn eines geworfenen Steins, alle diese
Erscheinungen konnten aus der einen Grundannahme der Newtonschen Mechanik, aus
der Gleichung: Masse x Beschleunigung = Kraft, zusammen mit dem
Gravitationsgesetz, mathematisch hergeleitet werden. Die abbildende
mathematische Gleichung war also der abstrakte Schlüssel zum einheitlichen
Verständnis sehr weiter Naturbereiche; und gegen das Vertrauen in die öffnende
Kraft dieses Schlüssels hat Goethe vergeblich angekämpft. In einem Brief an
Zelter steht: »Und das ist eben das grösste Unheil der neueren Physik, das man
die Experimente gleichsam vom Menschen abgesondert hat und bloss in dem, was
künstliche Instrumente zeigen, die Natur erkennen, ja was sie leisten kann,
dadurch beschränken und beweisen will. Ebenso ist es mit dem Berechnen. Es ist
vieles wahr, was sich nicht berechnen lässt, sowie sehr vieles, was sich nicht
bis zum entschiedenen Experiment bringen lässt.«</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;">Hat Goethe die
ordnende Kraft, die Erkenntnisleistung der naturwissenschaftlichen Methode,
Experiment und Mathematik, wirklich nicht erkannt? Hat er den Gegner
unterschätzt, gegen den er in der Farbenlehre und an vielen anderen Stellen so
unermüdlich gekämpft hat? Oder hat er diese Kraft nicht erkennen wollen, weil
für ihn Werte auf dem Spiel standen, die er nicht zu opfern bereit war? Man
wird wohl antworten müssen, dass Goethe diesen abstrakten Weg zum einheitlichen
Verständnis nicht beschreiten wollte, weil er ihm zu gefährlich schien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;">Die Gefahren, vor
denen Goethe sich hier fürchtete, hat er wohl nirgends genau bezeichnet. Aber
die berühmteste Gestalt aus Goethes Dichtung, sein Faust, lässt uns ahnen,
worum es sich handelt. Faust ist neben vielem anderen auch ein enttäuschter
Physiker. Er hat sich in seiner Studierstube mit Apparaten umgeben. Doch er
sagt: »Ihr Instrumente freilich spottet mein, mit Rad und Kämmen, Walz und
Bügel: Ich stand am Tor, ihr solltet Schlüssel sein; zwar euer Bart ist kraus,
doch hebt ihr nicht die Riegel.« Die geheimnisvollen Zeichen, die er im Buch
des Nostradamus aufsucht, sind vielleicht den Chiffren der Mathematik irgendwie
verwandt. Und diese ganze Welt der Chiffren und der Instrumente, jener
unersättliche Drang nach immer weiterer, immer tieferer, immer abstrakterer
Erkenntnis veranlasst ihn, den Verzweifelnden, den Pakt mit dem Teufel zu
schliessen. Der Weg, der aus dem natürlichen Leben heraus in die abstrakte
Erkenntnis führt, kann also beim Teufel enden. Das war die Gefahr, die Goethes
Haltung der naturwissenschaftlichen-technischen Welt gegenüber bestimmte.
Goethe spürte die dämonischen Kräfte, die in dieser Entwicklung wirksam werden,
und er glaubte ihnen ausweichen zu sollen. Aber, so wird man vielleicht
antworten müssen, so leicht kann man dem Teufel nicht ausweichen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;">Goethe selbst hat
schon früh Kompromisse schliessen müssen. Der wichtigste war wohl die
Zustimmung zum kopernikanischen Weltbild, dessen Überzeugungskraft auch er
nicht widerstehen konnte. Aber auch hier wusste Goethe, wieviel dabei geopfert
werden muss. Ich zitiere wieder aus der Farbenlehre: »Doch unter allen
Entdeckungen und Überzeugungen möchte nichts eine grössere Wirkung auf den
menschlichen Geist hervorgebracht haben als die Lehre des Kopernikus. Kaum war
die Welt als rund anerkannt und in sich selbst abgeschlossen, so sollte sie auf
das ungeheure Vorrecht Verzicht tun, der Mittelpunkt des Weltalls zu sein.
Vielleicht ist noch nie eine grössere Forderung an die Menschheit geschehen;
denn was ging nicht alles durch diese Anerkennung in Dunst und Rauch auf, ein
zweites Paradies, eine Welt der Unschuld, Dichtkunst und Frömmigkeit, das
Zeugnis der Sinne, die Überzeugung eines poetisch-religiösen Glaubens; kein
Wunder, dass man dies alles nicht wollte fahren lassen, dass man sich auf alle
Weise einer solchen Lehre entgegensetzte, die denjenigen, der sie annahm, zu
einer bisher unbekannten, ja ungeahnten Denkfreiheit und Grossheit der
Gesinnung berechtigte und aufforderte.«</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;">Diese Stelle wird
man auch allen jenen entgegenhalten müssen, die, um den von Goethe gefürchteten
Gefahren zu entgehen, selbst in unserer Zeit versuchen, die Richtigkeit, die
Verbindlichkeit der neuzeitlichen Naturwissenschaft in Zweifel zu ziehen. Da
wird etwa darauf hingewiesen, dass auch diese Naturwissenschaft ihre Ansichten
im Laufe der Zeit ändere oder modifiziere, dass zum Beispiel die Newtonsche
Mechanik heute nicht mehr als richtig anerkannt werde und durch die
Relativitätstheorie und die Quantentheorie ersetzt worden sei, dass man also
allen Grund habe, den Ansprüchen dieser Naturwissenschaft gegenüber skeptisch
zu sein. Dieser Einwand beruht aber auf einem Missverständnis, wie man zum
Beispiel gerade an der Frage nach der Stellung der Erde im Planetensystem
erkennen kann. Es ist zwar richtig, dass die Einsteinsche Relativitätstheorie
die Möglichkeit offenlässt, die Erde als ruhend, die Sonne als um die Erde bewegt
anzusehen. Aber dadurch ändert sich gar nichts an der entscheidenden Behauptung
der Newtonschen Theorie, dass die Sonne mit ihrer starken Gravitationswirkung
die Bahn der Planeten bestimme. Dass man also das Planetensystem nur wirklich
verstehen könne, wenn man von der Sonne als Mittelpunkt, als Zentrum der
Gravitationskräfte ausgeht. Man kann, das sei hier besonders betont, den
Ergebnissen der modernen Naturwissenschaft sicher nicht entgehen, wenn man ihre
Methodik zugibt; und ihre Methodik lautet: Beobachtung, die zum Experiment
verfeinert wird, und rationale Analyse, die in mathematischer Darstellung ihre
präzise Gestalt annimmt. Die Richtigkeit der Ergebnisse kann man nicht
ernstlich in Zweifel ziehen, wenn man Experiment und rationale Analyse zulässt.
Man kann ihr aber vielleicht die Wertfrage entgegenstellen: Ist die so
gewonnene Erkenntnis wertvoll?</span><br />
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wDfz0MJDQ-0/VhY5z84DoTI/AAAAAAABcQ0/zo5AhbFWfCc/s1600/von_goethe__johann_wolfgang__by_shyyboyy-d5n1ylh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="484" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wDfz0MJDQ-0/VhY5z84DoTI/AAAAAAABcQ0/zo5AhbFWfCc/s640/von_goethe__johann_wolfgang__by_shyyboyy-d5n1ylh.jpg" width="550" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;">Wenn man diese
Frage zunächst nicht im Goetheschen Sinne zu beantworten sucht, sondern, dem
Geist unserer Zeit entsprechend, auch ohne viel Skrupel das
Nützlichkeitsargument zulässt, so kann man hier auf die Errungenschaften der
modernen Wissenschaft und Technik hinweisen; auf die wirksame Beseitigung
mancherlei Mangels, auf die Linderung der Not des Kranken durch die moderne
Medizin, auf die Bequemlichkeit des Verkehrs und vieles andere. Sicher hätte
Goethe, der ja tätig im Leben stehen wollte, solchen Argumenten viel
Verständnis entgegengebracht. Gerade wenn man von der Situation des Menschen in
dieser Welt ausgeht, von den Schwierigkeiten, die ihn bedrängen, von den
Forderungen, die von anderen an ihn gestellt werden, so wird man die
Möglichkeit, hier praktisch und wirksam tätig zu werden, anderen helfen zu
können und die Lebensverhältnisse allgemein zu bessern, sehr hoch einschätzen.
Man braucht bei Goethe nur grosse Teile der Wanderjahre oder die letzten
Abschnitte des Faust nachzulesen, um zu erkennen, wie ernst der Dichter gerade
diese Seite unseres Problems genommen hat. Von den verschiedenen Aspekten der
technisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Welt war ihm der pragmatische sicher am
verständlichsten. Aber Goethe hat auch hier die Furcht nicht loswerden können,
dass der Teufel dabei seine Hand im Spiel habe. Im letzten Akt des Faust wird
der Erfolg, der Reichtum des tätigen Lebens, mit dem Mord an Philemon und
Baucis ins Absurde verkehrt. Aber auch dort, wo die Hand des Teufels nicht so
unmittelbar sichtbar wird, bleibt das Geschehen von seiner Wirksamkeit bedroht.
Goethe hat erkannt, dass die fortschreitende Umgestaltung der Welt durch die
Verbindung von Technik und Naturwissenschaft nicht aufzuhalten war. Er hat es
in den Wanderjahren mit Sorge ausgesprochen: »Das überhandnehmende
Maschinenwesen quält und ängstigt mich. Es wälzt sich heran wie ein Gewitter,
langsam, langsam. Aber es hat seine Richtung genommen, es wird kommen und
treffen.« Goethe wusste also, was bevorstand, und er hat sich Gedanken darüber
gemacht, wie dieses Geschehen auf das Verhalten der Menschen zurückwirken
würde. Im Briefwechsel mit Zelter steht: »Reichtum und Schnelligkeit ist, was
die Welt bewundert und wonach jeder strebt. Eisenbahn, Schnellpost,
Dampfschiffe und alle möglichen Facilitäten der Kommunikation sind es, worauf
die gebildete Welt ausgeht, sich zu überbieten, zu überbilden und dadurch in
der Mittelmässigkeit zu verharren. Eigentlich ist es ein Jahrhundert für die
fähigen Köpfe, für leicht fassende praktische Menschen, die, mit einer gewissen
Gewandtheit ausgestattet, ihre Superiorität über die Menge fühlen, wenn sie
gleich selbst nicht zum höchsten begabt sind.« Oder auch in den Wanderjahren:
»Es ist jetzt die Zeit der Einseitigkeiten; wohl dem, der es begreift, für sich
und andere in diesem Sinne wirkt.« Goethe hat also ein erhebliches Stück Weges
vorausschauen können, und er hat das, was bevorstand, mit grösster Sorge betrachtet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;">Inzwischen sind
wieder fast anderthalb Jahrhunderte vergangen, und wir wissen, wohin dieser Weg
bis heute geführt hat. Düsenflugzeuge, elektronische Rechenmaschinen,
Mondraketen, Atombomben, das sind etwa die letzten Meilensteine, denen wir am Wegrand
begegnet sind. Die von der Newtonschen Naturwissenschaft bestimmte Welt, von
der Goethe hoffte, dass er ihr ausweichen könnte, ist also unsere Wirklichkeit
geworden, und es hilft uns gar nichts, daran zu denken, dass in ihr auch Fausts
Partner seine Hand im Spiele hat. Man muss es hinnehmen, so wie man es zu allen
Zeiten hingenommen hat. Dabei sind wir noch lange nicht am Ende dieses Weges
angelangt. Wahrscheinlich ist die Zeit nicht mehr fern, in der auch die
Biologie in diesen Entwicklungsprozess der Technik voll einbezogen wird<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1680144274492583130#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: blue;">2</span></span></a>. Dass
sich dann die Gefahren vervielfachen, selbst gegenüber der Bedrohung durch die
Atomwaffen, ist schon gelegentlich ausgesprochen worden. Am schärfsten vielleicht
in jener mitleidlosen Karikatur einer zukünftigen Welt, die Huxley unter dem
Titel »Brave new world« , eine »herrliche, neue Welt« , gezeichnet hat. Die
Möglichkeit, Menschen für die ihnen zugewiesenen Zwecke zu züchten, das ganze
Leben auf der Erde rationell, das heisst durch das Streben nach Zweckmässigkeit
zu ordnen und damit allen Sinnes zu entleeren, ist hier mit schauerlicher
Konsequenz ad absurdum geführt worden. Aber man braucht gar nicht so weit zu
gehen, um zu erkennen, dass Zweckmässigkeit überhaupt kein Wert ist, sondern
die Wertfrage nur um eine Stelle verschiebt; nämlich zu der anderen Frage: ist
der Zweck wertvoll, dem die betreffenden Erkenntnisse und Möglichkeiten gemäss
sind, dem sie dienen sollen?</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;">Die moderne Medizin
hat die grossen Seuchen auf der Erde weitgehend ausgerottet. Sie hat das Leben
vieler Kranker gerettet, unzähligen Menschen schreckliche Leiden erspart, aber
sie hat auch zu jener Bevölkerungsexplosion auf der Erde geführt, die dann,
wenn sie nicht in relativ naher Zukunft durch friedliche organisatorische
Massnahmen gebremst werden kann, in entsetzlichen Katastrophen enden muss. Wer
kann wissen, ob die moderne Medizin ihre Ziele überall richtig setzt?</span><br />
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nWlMYwJibFU/VhY82CXEYxI/AAAAAAABcRI/unKJeRNQmjI/s1600/plate_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nWlMYwJibFU/VhY82CXEYxI/AAAAAAABcRI/unKJeRNQmjI/s640/plate_2.jpg" width="550" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE-CH" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH;">Die moderne
Naturwissenschaft vermittelt Erkenntnisse, deren Richtigkeit im ganzen nicht
bezweifelt werden kann; und die aus ihr entspringende Technik gestattet, diese
Erkenntnisse zur Verwirklichung auch weitgesteckter Ziele einzusetzen. Aber ob
der so erreichte Fortschritt wertvoll sei, wird damit überhaupt nicht entschieden.
</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";">Das entscheidet
sich erst mit den Wertvorstellungen, von denen sich die Menschen beim Setzen
der Ziele leiten lassen. Diese Wertvorstellungen aber können nicht aus der
Wissenschaft selbst kommen; jedenfalls kommen sie einstweilen nicht daher. Der
entscheidende Einwand Goethes gegen die seit Newton angewandte Methodik der
Naturwissenschaft richtet sich also wohl gegen das Auseinanderfallen der
Begriffe »Richtigkeit« und »Wahrheit« in dieser Methodik. Wahrheit war für
Goethe vom Wertbegriff nicht zu trennen. Das »unum, bonum, verum«, das »Eine,
Gute, Wahre«, war für ihn wie für die alten Philosophen der einzig mögliche
Kompass, nach dem die Menschheit sich beim Suchen ihres Weges durch die
Jahrhunderte richten konnte. Eine Wissenschaft aber, die nur noch richtig ist,
in der sich die Begriffe »Richtigkeit« und »Wahrheit« getrennt haben, in der
also die göttliche Ordnung nicht mehr von selbst die Richtung bestimmt, ist zu
sehr gefährdet, sie ist, um wieder an Goethes Faust zu denken, dem Zugriff des
Teufels ausgesetzt. Daher wollte Goethe sie nicht akzeptieren. In einer
verdunkelten Welt, die vom Licht dieser Mitte, des unum, bonum, verum nicht
mehr erhellt wird, sind, wie Erich Heller es in diesem Zusammenhang einmal
ausgedrückt hat, die technischen Fortschritte kaum etwas anderes als
verzweifelte Versuche, die Hölle zu einem angenehmeren Aufenthaltsraum zu
machen. Das muss besonders jenen gegenüber betont werden, die glauben, mit der
Verbreitung der technisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Zivilisation auch auf die
entlegensten Gebiet der Erde alle wesentlichen Voraussetzungen für ein goldenes
Zeitalter schaffen zu können. So leicht kann man dem Teufel nicht entgehen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";">Bevor wir untersuchen, ob Richtigkeit und
Wahrheit in der modernen Naturwissenschaft wirklich so vollständig getrennt
sind, wie es bisher den Anschein hat, müssen wir nun die Gegenfrage stellen:
Hat Goethe mit seiner Naturwissenschaft, mit seiner Art, die Natur anzusehen,
der in der Nachfolge Newtons entstandenen technisch-naturwissenschaftlichen
Welt etwas Wirksames entgegenzusetzen? Wir wissen, trotz der enormen Wirkung,
die Goethes Dichtung im 19. Jahrhundert ausgeübt hat, sind seine Gedanken zur
Naturwissenschaft nur einem verhältnismässig kleinen Kreis von Menschen bekannt
und fruchtbar geworden. Aber vielleicht enthalten sie einen Keim, der sich bei
sorgfältiger Pflege entwickeln kann, gerade wenn der etwas naive
Fortschrittsglaube des 19. Jahrhunderts einer nüchternen Betrachtung gewichen
ist. Man wird hier noch einmal fragen müssen, was denn eigentlich das
Charakteristische dieser Goetheschen Naturbetrachtung sei, wodurch sich seine
Art, die Natur anzuschauen, von der Newtons und seiner Nachfolger unterschieden
habe. An dieser Stelle wird vor allem hervorgehoben, dass Goethes
Naturbetrachtung eben vom Menschen ausgehe, dass in ihr der Mensch und sein
unmittelbares Naturerlebnis den Mittelpunkt bilde, von dem aus sich die
Erscheinungen in eine sinnvolle Ordnung fügen. Eine solche Formulierung ist
zwar richtig, und sie macht den grossen Unterschied zwischen der Goetheschen
Naturbetrachtung und der Newtonschen besonders deutlich. Aber sie übersieht
doch einen ganz wesentlichen Punkt, dass nämlich nach Goethes Überzeugung dem
Menschen in der Natur die göttliche Ordnung sichtbar gegenübertritt. Nicht das
Naturerlebnis des einzelnen Menschen, sosehr es ihn als jungen Menschen erfüllt
hatte, war dem älteren Goethe wichtig, sondern die göttliche Ordnung, die in diesem
Erlebnis erkennbar wird. Es ist für Goethe nicht nur dichterische Metapher,
wenn etwa in dem Gedicht »Vermächtnis altpersischen Glaubens« der Gläubige
durch den Anblick der über dem Gebirge aufgehenden Sonne dazu bewegt wird,
»Gott auf seinem Thron zu erkennen, ihn den Herrn des Lebensquells zu nennen,
jenes hohen Anblicks wert zu handeln und in seinem Lichte fortzuwandeln.«
Diesem Inhalt des Naturerlebnisses muss sich, so glaubt Goethe, auch die
wissenschaftliche Methode anpassen, und so ist das Suchen nach dem Urphänomen
aufzufassen als das Forschen nach jenen der Erscheinung zugrunde liegenden, von
Gott gesetzten Strukturen, die nicht nur mit dem Verstande konstruiert, sondern
unmittelbar geschaut, erlebt, empfunden werden können. »Ein Urphänomen«,
erklärt Goethe, »ist nicht einem Grundsatz gleichzusetzen, aus dem sich
mannigfaltige Folgen ergeben, sondern anzusehen als eine Grunderscheinung,
innerhalb derer das Mannigfaltige anzuschauen ist. Schauen, wissen, ahnen,
glauben und wie die Fühlhörner alle heissen, mit denen der Mensch ins Universum
tastet, müssen denn doch eigentlich zusammenwirken, wenn wir unseren wichtigen,
obgleich schweren Beruf erfüllen wollen.« Goethe empfindet sehr deutlich, dass
die Grundstrukturen von einer solchen Art sein müssen, dass nicht mehr
entschieden werden kann, ob sie der als objektiv gedachten Welt oder der
menschlichen Seele zugehören, da sie für beide die Voraussetzung bilden. So
hofft er, dass sie auch im »Schauen, Wissen, Ahnen, Glauben« wirksam werden.
Aber, so müssen wir fragen, woher wissen wir oder woher weiss Goethe, dass die
eigentlichen, die tiefsten Zusammenhänge so unmittelbar sichtbar werden können,
dass sie so offen zutage liegen? Mag es nicht sein, dass gerade das, was Goethe
als die göttliche Ordnung der Naturerscheinung empfindet, erst in der höheren
Abstraktionsstufe in voller Klarheit vor uns steht? Kann an dieser Stelle nicht
vielleicht die moderne Naturwissenschaft Antworten geben, die doch allen
Goetheschen Wertforderungen standhalten können?</span><br />
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-L5EMA2SACz8/VhY9U-SRvgI/AAAAAAABcRQ/HHocMTCZjX0/s1600/b8d8cd1a7e96978863f439209e5fa4ee.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="420" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-L5EMA2SACz8/VhY9U-SRvgI/AAAAAAABcRQ/HHocMTCZjX0/s640/b8d8cd1a7e96978863f439209e5fa4ee.jpg" width="550" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";">Bevor wir dazu übergehen, solche
schwierigen Fragen zu erörtern, muss nun noch ein Wort zu Goethes Ablehnung der
Romantik gesagt werden. Goethe hat sich oft in Briefen, Aufsätzen, Gesprächen
mit der Romantik, die ja die Kunstrichtung seiner Zeit war, ausführlich
auseinandergesetzt. Immer wieder werden die gleichen Vorwürfe erhoben:
Subjektivismus, Schwärmerei, ein Ausschweifen ins Extreme, ins Unendliche,
krankhafte Sensibilität, Altertümelei, schwächliche Versenkung, schliesslich
Gefälligkeit und Unehrlichkeit. Goethes Abneigung gegen das scheinbar
Krankhafte in der Romantik, seine Vorahnung der möglichen Fehlentwicklung, war
so stark, dass er es nur selten hat über sich gewinnen können, ihre
künstlerische Leistung zu sehen oder gar anzuerkennen. Alle Kunst, die sich so
wie die Romantik aus der Welt entfernt, die nicht mehr die wirkliche Welt
auszusprechen sucht sondern erst ihre Spiegelung in der Seele des Künstlers,
schien ihm genauso unbefriedigend wie eine Wissenschaft, die nicht die freie
Natur, sondern die durch Apparaturen ausgesonderte, gewissermassen zubereitete
Einzelerscheinung zum Gegenstand nimmt. Die Romantik kann wohl, wenigstens zum
Teil, aufgefasst werden als die Reaktion auf eine Welt, die sich durch den
Rationalismus, Naturwissenschaft und Technik in eine nüchtern praktische
Vorbedingung des äusseren Lebens zu verwandeln anschickte, so dass sie für die
Persönlichkeit in ihrer Gesamtheit, für ihre Wünsche, ihre Hoffnungen, ihre
Schmerzen, keinen rechten Raum mehr bot. Diese Persönlichkeit zog sich daher in
ihr Inneres zurück; und die Lösung von der unmittelbar wirklichen Welt, in der
unser Tun Folgen hat, denen wir uns stellen müssen, wurde zwar vielleicht als
Verlust empfunden; aber, so fürchtete Goethe, sie machte es doch auch leichter,
um nicht zu sagen bequemer, nun in eine Welt der Träume zu entfliehen, sich dem
Rausch der Leidenschaft hinzugeben, die Verantwortung für sich und andere
abzuwerfen und in der unendlichen Weite der Gefühle zu schwelgen. Diesen
Schritt von einer Kunst, die die Welt in ihrer unmittelbaren Wirklichkeit zu
gestalten sucht, zu einer künstlerischen Darstellung und Übersteigung der
Abgründe in der menschlichen Seele konnte Goethe ebenso wenig gutheissen wie
den Schritt in die Abstraktion, zu dem sich die Naturwissenschaft genötigt
gesehen hatte.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";">Die Verwandtschaft der Motive für Goethes
Ablehnung in beiden Fällen geht wohl noch etwas weiter. Wenn Goethe die
Abstraktion in der Naturwissenschaft fürchtete, wenn er vor ihrer
Grenzenlosigkeit zurückschreckte, so geschah es, weil er in ihr dämonische
Kräfte zu spüren glaubte, deren Bedrohung er sich nicht aussetzen wollte. Er
hatte sie in der Gestalt des Mephisto personifiziert. In der Romantik spürte er
Kräfte ähnlicher Art wirksam. Wieder die Grenzenlosigkeit, die Ablösung von der
wirklichen Welt, von ihren gesunden festen Maßstäben, die Gefahr der Entartung
ins Krankhafte. Ferner mag es bei Goethes Haltung eine Rolle gespielt haben,
dass ihm jeweils die höchste Kunstform dieser nächsten Stufe relativ fremd war.
Die Mathematik, die man hier als Kunstform der Abstraktion bezeichnen mag, hat
Goethe nie fesseln oder faszinieren können, obgleich er sie respektiert hat.
Von der Musik, die in der deutschen Romantik, wie mir scheint, die höchsten
künstlerischen Leistungen hervorgebracht hat, war Goethe wohl nie so ergriffen
wie etwa von Dichtung oder Malerei. Was Goethe über die Romantik gedacht hätte,
wenn ihn die Sprache, die etwa im C-Dur-Streichquintett von Schubert gesprochen
wird, wirklich hätte erreichen können, wissen wir nicht. Aber er hätte wohl
spüren müssen, dass die Kräfte, die er fürchtete und die in dieser Musik noch
viel stärker wirken, als in fast jedem anderen romantischen Kunstwerk, hier
nicht mehr von Mephisto kommen, nicht mehr seine Macht verkünden, sondern aus jener
lichten Mitte, aus der Luzifer zwar stammt, die ihn aber verworfen hatte. Es
ist also doch nicht so merkwürdig, dass auch hier, in der Beurteilung des
Wertes der Romantik, die Folgezeit nicht dem Rat des grössten deutschen
Dichters gefolgt ist, dass sich vielmehr die Kunst in hohem Masse den
Gegenständen und Aufgaben zugewandt hat, denen sich die Romantik zum ersten
Male gewidmet hatte. Die Geschichte der Musik, der Malerei, der Literatur des
19. Jahrhunderts zeigt, wie fruchtbar die Ansätze der Romantik geworden sind.
Freilich zeigt diese Geschichte auch, besonders wenn man sie in unser
Jahrhundert hinein verfolgt, wie berechtigt die Sorgen und Einwände Goethes
gewesen sind, genauso wie im Falle von Naturwissenschaft und Technik. Man wird
wohl gewisse oft beklagte Auflösungserscheinungen im Bereich der Kunst - ebenso
wie in der Technik etwa die Benutzung von Atomwaffen als die Folge des
Verlustes jener Mitte ansehen, um deren Erhaltung Goethe sein ganzes Leben
hindurch gerungen hat.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ed4PbgTdv3E/VhZAJA8RL8I/AAAAAAABcRo/vGNND69NPOw/s1600/ernst%2Bhaeckel%2Blike%2Bbucky%2Bfuller%2Bgeodesic%2Bdomes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ed4PbgTdv3E/VhZAJA8RL8I/AAAAAAABcRo/vGNND69NPOw/s640/ernst%2Bhaeckel%2Blike%2Bbucky%2Bfuller%2Bgeodesic%2Bdomes.jpg" width="550" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";">Aber kehren wir zu der Frage zurück, ob die
Erkenntnis, die Goethe in seiner Naturwissenschaft gesucht hat, nämlich die
Erkenntnis der letzten von ihm als göttlich empfundenen Gestaltungskräfte der
Natur, aus der zunächst nur »richtigen« modernen Naturwissenschaft so vollständig
verschwunden ist. »Dass ich erkenne, was die Welt im Innersten zusammenhält,
schau alle Wirkungskraft und Samen und tu' nicht mehr in Worten kramen», so
hatte die Forderung gelautet. Auf dem Wege dorthin war Goethe in seinen
Naturbetrachtungen zum Urphänomen, in seiner Morphologie der Pflanzen zur
Urpflanze gekommen. Aber obwohl dieses Urphänomen nicht ein Grundsatz sein
soll, aus dem man die verschiedenartigen Phänomene herzuleiten hätte, sondern
eine Grunderscheinung, innerhalb deren das Mannigfache anzuschauen ist, so hat
doch Schiller in jener ersten berühmten Begegnung in Jena, die im Jahre 1794
die Freundschaft mit Goethe begründete, dem Dichter klargemacht, dass sein
Urphänomen eigentlich nicht eine Erscheinung, sondern eine Idee sei; eine Idee
im Sinne der Philosophie Platos, wollen wir hinzufügen, und wir würden in
unserer Zeit, da das Wort »Idee« eine etwas zu subjektive Färbung erhalten hat,
vielleicht eher das Wort »Struktur« als »Idee« an diese stelle setzen. Die
Urpflanze ist die Urform, die Grundstruktur, das gestaltende Prinzip der
Pflanze, das man freilich nicht nur mit dem Verstand konstruieren, sondern
dessen man im Anschauen unmittelbar gewiss werden kann. Der Unterschied, auf
den Goethe hier so grossen Wert legt, zwischen dem unmittelbaren Anschauen und
der nur rationalen Ableitung entspricht wohl ziemlich genau dem Unterschied der
beiden Erkenntnisarten »Episteme« und »Dianoia« in der platonischen
Philosophie. Episteme ist eben dieses unmittelbare Gewisswerden, auf dem man
ruhen kann, hinter dem man nichts weiter zu suchen braucht. Dianoia ist das
Durchanalysierenkönnen, das Ergebnis des logischen Ableitens. Auch bei Plato
wird deutlich, dass nur die erste Art der Erkenntnis, die Episteme, die
Verbindung mit dem Eigentlichen, dem Wesentlichen, mit der Welt der Werte
vermittelt, während die Dianoia zwar Erkenntnis schafft, aber eben nur
wertfreie Erkenntnis. Was Schiller auf dem Heimweg vom gemeinsam gehörten
naturwissenschaftlichen Vortrag Goethe zu erklären suchte, war nun freilich
nicht platonische, sondern Kantsche Philosophie. Hier hat das Wort »Idee« eine
etwas andere, eine etwas mehr subjektive Bedeutung; und jedenfalls ist die Idee
eben von der Erscheinung scharf geschieden, so dass Schillers Behauptung, die
Urpflanze sei eine Idee, Goethe zutiefst beunruhigte. Er antwortete: »Das kann
mir sehr lieb sein, dass ich Ideen habe, ohne es zu wissen, und sie sogar mit
den Augen sehe.« In der sich anschliessenden Diskussion, in der, wie Goethe
berichtete, viel gekämpft wurde, erwidert Schiller: «Wie kann jemals Erfahrung
gegeben werden, die einer Idee angemessen sein sollte; denn darin besteht eben
das Eigentümliche der letzteren, dass ihr niemals eine Erfahrung kongruieren
könne.« Im Lichte der platonischen Philosophie aber handelt es sich bei dieser
Diskussion wohl nicht so sehr um einen Streit über das, was eine Idee sei,
sondern über das Erkenntnisorgan, mit dem sich uns die Idee erschliesst. Wenn
Goethe die Ideen mit den Augen sehen kann, so sind das eben andere Augen als
die, von denen heute gewöhnlich die Rede ist. Jedenfalls könnte man die Augen
an dieser Stelle nicht durch ein Mikroskop oder eine photographische Platte
ersetzen. Aber wie auch immer man in diesem Streit entscheiden mag die
Urpflanze ist also eine Idee, und sie bewährt sich als solche, indem man mit
ihr, mit dieser Grundstruktur als Schlüssel, wie Goethe sagt, Pflanzen ins
Unendliche erfinden kann. Man hat mit ihr also den Bau der Pflanze verstanden;
und »verstehen« heisst: auf ein einfaches, einheitliches Prinzip zurückführen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";">Wie sieht das nun in der modernen Biologie
aus? Auch hier gibt es eine Grundstruktur, die nicht nur die Gestalt aller
Pflanzen, sondern aller Lebewesen überhaupt bestimmt. Es ist ein unsichtbar
kleines Objekt, ein Fadenmolekül, nämlich die berühmte Doppelkette der
Nukleinsäure, deren Struktur vor etwa 15 Jahren von Crick und Watson in den
Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika aufgeklärt worden ist und die das ganze Erbgut
der betreffenden Lebewesen trägt. Wir können auf Grund zahlreicher Erfahrungen
der modernen Biologie nicht mehr daran zweifeln, dass eben von diesem
Fadenmolekül die Struktur des Lebewesens bestimmt wird, dass von ihm
gewissermassen die ganze Gestaltungskraft ausgeht, die den Bau des Organismus
festlegt. Über Einzelheiten kann hier natürlich nicht gesprochen werden.
Hinsichtlich der Richtigkeit dieser Aussage gilt, was vorher schon von der
Richtigkeit naturwissenschaftlicher Aussagen im allgemeinen gesagt wurde. Die
Richtigkeit beruht auf der naturwissenschaftlichen Methodik, Beobachtung und
rationaler Analyse. Wenn die Anfangsstadien der Unsicherheit einer speziellen
wissenschaftlichen Entwicklung überwunden sind, so beruht die Richtigkeit auf
dem Zusammenwirken ausserordentlich vieler Einzeltatsachen, auf einem grossen
und komplizierten Gewebe von Erfahrungen, das der Aussage ihre unantastbare
Sicherheit gibt.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-CqB8jLRNjko/VhZE-tgcUnI/AAAAAAABcR4/55xnxxhDdwE/s1600/s81df.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-CqB8jLRNjko/VhZE-tgcUnI/AAAAAAABcR4/55xnxxhDdwE/s640/s81df.jpg" width="550" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";">Kann nun die eben geschilderte
Grundstruktur, die Doppelkette der Nukleinsäure der Goetheschen Urpflanze
irgendwie verglichen werden? Die unsichtbare Kleinheit dieses Objekts scheint einen
solchen Vergleich zunächst auszuschliessen. Aber dass dieses Molekül im Rahmen
der Biologie die gleiche Funktion erfüllt, die Goethes Urpflanze in der Botanik
erfüllen sollte, wird sich doch schwer bestreiten lassen. Es handelt sich ja in
beiden Fällen um das Verständnis der gestaltenden, formgebenden Kräfte in der
belebten Natur, um ihre Zurückführung auf etwas Einfaches, allen lebendigen
Gestalten Gemeinsames. Das eben leistet das Urgebilde der heutigen
Molekularbiologie das noch etwas zu primitiv ist, um schon ein Urlebewesen
genannt zu werden. Es besitzt noch keineswegs alle Funktionen eines
vollständigen Lebewesens; aber das braucht uns vielleicht nicht daran zu
hindern, es doch so oder irgendwie ähnlich zu bezeichnen. Dieses Urgebilde hat
auch dies mit der Goetheschen Urpflanze gemeinsam, dass es nicht nur eine
Grundstruktur, eine Idee, eine Vorstellung, eine formgebende Kraft, sondern
auch ein Objekt, eine Erscheinung ist, wenn es gleich nicht mit unseren
gewöhnlich Augen gesehen, sondern nur indirekt erschlossen werden kann. Es kann
mit hochauflösenden Mikroskopen und mit dem Mittel der rationalen Analyse
erkannt werden, ist also durchaus wirklich und nicht etwa nur ein
Gedankengebilde. Insofern genügt es fast allen von Goethe an das Urphänomen gestellten
Forderungen. Ob wir es allerdings im Goetheschen Sinne »schauen, fühlen, ahnen«
können, in anderen Worten, ob es zum Gegenstand der »Episteme«, der reinen
Erkenntnis in der Formulierung Platos werden kann, das mag zweifelhaft
scheinen. Normalerweise wird das biologische Urgebilde jedenfalls nicht so
gesehen. Man könnte sich nur vorstellen, dass es vielleicht den Entdeckern zum
ersten Male so erschienen ist.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";">Wenn man also nach dem Verhältnis von
Richtigkeit und Wahrheit in modernen Naturwissenschaft fragt, so wird man zwar
auf ihrer pragmatischen Seite nur die völlige Trennung der beiden Begriffe
konstatieren müssen, man wird aber dort, wo es sich, wie einer Biologie, um das
Erkennen ganz grosser Zusammenhänge handelt, die in der Natur von Anfang an
vorhanden und nicht etwas von Menschen gemacht sind, eine gewisse Annäherung
feststellen können. Denn die ganz grossen Zusammenhänge werden in den
Grundstrukturen, in den so sich manifestierenden platonischen Ideen sichtbar,
und diese Ideen können, da sie von der dahinterliegenden Gesamtordnung Kunde
geben, vielleicht auch von anderen Bereichen der menschlichen Psyche als nur
von der Ratio aufgenommen werden, von Bereichen, die eben selbst wieder in
unmittelbarer Beziehung zu jener Gesamtordnung und damit auch zur Welt der
Werte stehen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";">Das wird besonders deutlich, wenn man zu
den ganz allgemeinen Gesetzmässigkeiten übergeht, die auf die Gebiete Biologie,
Chemie, Physik übergreifen und die erst in den letzten Jahrzehnten im
Zusammenhang mit der Physik der Elementarteilchen erkennbar geworden sind. Hier
handelt es sich also um Grundstrukturen der Natur oder der Welt im ganzen, die
noch tiefer liegen als die der Biologie und die deshalb noch abstrakter, noch
weniger unseren Sinnen unmittelbar zugänglich sind als jene. Sie sind im
gleichen Mass aber auch noch einfacher, da sie nur noch das Allgemeine, gar
nicht mehr das Besondere darzustellen haben. Während das Urgebilde der Biologie
nicht nur den lebendigen Organismus an sich repräsentieren, sondern - durch die
verschiedenen möglichen Anordnungen einiger weniger chemischer Gruppen auf der
Kette - auch die unzähligen verschiedenen Organismen unterscheiden muss,
brauchen die Grundstrukturen der gesamten Natur nur noch die Existenz eben
dieser Natur darzustellen. In der modernen Physik wird dieser Gedanke in
folgender Weise verwirklicht: Es wird in mathematischer Sprache ein
grundlegendes Naturgesetz formuliert, eine »Weltformel«, wie es gelegentlich
genannt wurde, dem alle Naturerscheinungen genügen müssen, das also
gewissermassen nur die Möglichkeit, die Existenz der Natur symbolisiert. Die
einfachsten Lösungen dieser mathematischen Gleichung repräsentieren die
verschiedenen Elementarteilchen, die genau in demselben Sinne Grundformen der
Natur sind, wie Plato die regulären Körper der Mathematik, Würfel, Tetraeder
usw., als die Grundformen der Natur aufgefasst hat. Auch sie sind, um wieder zu
dem Streitgespräch zwischen Schiller und Goethe zurückzukehren, so wie Goethes
Urpflanze »Ideen«, auch wenn sie nicht mit gewöhnlichen Augen gesehen werden
können. Ob sie im Goetheschen Sinne angeschaut werden können, das hängt wohl
einfach davon ab, mit welchen Erkenntnisorganen wir der Natur gegenübertreten.
Dass diese Grundstrukturen unmittelbar mit der grossen Ordnung der Welt im
ganzen zusammenhängen, kann wohl kaum bestritten werden. Es bleibt aber uns
überlassen, ob wir nur den einen engen, rational fassbaren Ausschnitt aus
diesem grossen Zusammenhang ergreifen wollen.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dAPKGGt6fCk/VhZGG-dwTzI/AAAAAAABcSE/kz4O_vrD9Rc/s1600/AACHCLL0.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dAPKGGt6fCk/VhZGG-dwTzI/AAAAAAABcSE/kz4O_vrD9Rc/s640/AACHCLL0.JPG" width="550" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";">Werfen wir noch einmal den Blick zurück auf
die historische Entwicklung. In der Naturwissenschaft, wie in der Kunst, ist
die Welt seit Goethe den Weg gegangen, vor dem Goethe gewarnt hat, den er für
zu gefährlich hielt. Die Kunst hat sich von der unmittelbaren Wirklichkeit ins
Innere der menschlichen Seele zurückgezogen, die Naturwissenschaft hat den
Schritt in die Abstraktion getan, hat die riesige Weite der modernen Technik
gewonnen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";">Gleichzeitig sind die Gefahren so
bedrohlich geworden, wie Goethe es vorausgesehen hat. Wir denken etwa an die
Entseelung, die Entpersönlichung der Arbeit, an das Absurde der modernen Waffen
oder an die Flucht in den Wahn, der die Form einer politischen Bewegung
angenommen hat. Der Teufel ist ein mächtiger Herr. Aber der lichte Bereich, den
Goethe überall durch die Natur hindurch erkennen konnte, ist auch in der
modernen Naturwissenschaft sichtbar geworden, dort wo sie von der grossen
einheitlichen Ordnung der Welt Kunde gibt. Wir werden von Goethe auch heute
noch lernen können, dass wir nicht zugunsten des einen Organs, der rationalen
Analyse, alle andern verkümmern lassen dürfen; dass es vielmehr darauf ankommt,
mit allen Organen, die uns gegeben sind, die Wirklichkeit zu ergreifen und sich
darauf zu verlassen, dass diese Wirklichkeit dann auch das Wesentliche, das
»Eine, Gute, Wahre« spiegelt. Hoffen wir, dass dies der Zukunft besser gelingt,
als es unserer Zeit, als es meiner Generation gelungen ist.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Quelle: Jahrbuch
der Goethe-Gesellschaft: 29ter Band, 1967</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Herausgeber:
Andreas B. Wachsmuth</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Zusammenstellung
und Bearbeitung: Theodor Zezza</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";"></span></div>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1680144274492583130#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: blue;">1</span></span></a><span lang="EN-AU"> </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Dieser Text war
Vorlage für einen Vortrag, den Werner Heisenberg auf der Hauptversammlung der
Goethe-Gesellschaft in Weimar am 21. Mai 1967 gehalten hat</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1680144274492583130#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: blue;">2</span></span></a><span lang="EN-AU"> </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Francis Crick
und James Watson haben die DNS 1953 entdeckt.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="550" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7P1i7Ref2_Y" width="550"></iframe>José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-40742031644817413132015-09-12T08:29:00.000+02:002015-09-12T08:29:32.444+02:00In Praise of Urania: About the Cover: Kepler and The Rudolphine Tables by Mikael Ragstedt<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:none;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 282.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 358.8pt; mso-element-left: 121.55pt; mso-element-top: 396.7pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="height: 377px; width: 478px;" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="377" style="padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.05pt; mso-element-left: 121.4pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="height: 769px; width: 479px;" vspace="0"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" height="769" style="padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.05pt; mso-element-left: 121.4pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br />
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.05pt; mso-element-left: 121.4pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ekABVzXb8oQ/VSEF4soZHeI/AAAAAAABXBg/wvo9hk5D6OI/s1600/KEPLER%2BAND%2BTHE%2BRUDOLPHINE%2BTABLES.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ekABVzXb8oQ/VSEF4soZHeI/AAAAAAABXBg/wvo9hk5D6OI/s1600/KEPLER%2BAND%2BTHE%2BRUDOLPHINE%2BTABLES.png" width="500" /></a></div>
<br />
Around the year 1600, a rare but most fortunate constellation occurred. Not in the sky this time, but in the city of Prague. It consisted of three men whose destinies by chance crossed there and then. They could not be more different as to their origins, life stories, and careers, as well as to their characters, temperaments, and expectations. But they all played their parts in what would almost thirty years later result in a long-awaited publication, the<i> Tabulae Rudolphinae</i>, or the <i>Rudolphine Tables</i>. The three men were:<br />
<br />
• <i>Rudolph II</i>, the Holy Roman Emperor and patron whose name is in the<br />
title;<br />
• <i>Tycho Brahe</i>, who had performed and collected the best astronomical observations the world ever saw before the telescope;<br />
• <i>Johannes Kepler</i>, the author of the book, who out of these observations<br />
managed to put an end to the old obvious truth that planets move uniformly in circles.<br />
<br />
The Danish Protestant nobleman Tycho Brahe had been awarded the island of Ven in the strait separating today’s Sweden and Denmark. There he erected a castle together with the best equipped observatories available. He understood that systematically higher precision was necessary to comprehend how the planets moved. After twenty years of recorded observations on an almost industrial scale, the haughty aristocrat fell into political disfavour with the young, rising Danish king and had to abandon his island.<br />
<br />
In this period the Holy Roman Emperor resided in Prague. Rudolph II was<br />
senior to all the other Roman Catholic monarchs. He was a patron of the arts and showed an interest towards science, mostly in the form of astrology and alchemy, but he also showed growing symptoms of mental instability. Now Rudolph was in need of a new imperial mathematician. After swallowing his aristocratic feelings, Tycho Brahe accepted the job with a sense of relief and became an employee for the first time.<br />
<br /></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Tycho had by this time realized that neither
he nor his assistants could find coherence in all the observations he had
collected. He thought he had seen something special in the speculative mind
of a young Protestant school teacher and district mathematician in Graz by
the name of Johannes Kepler. In the Roman Catholic city of Graz, the last
Protestants were finally ordered to leave town. Kepler travelled to Prague
in hopes of a secure position and the most precious thing in his
world—Tycho’s observations. After some personal friction and scientific
disagreement, Tycho decided to introduce the disillusioned Kepler to Emperor
Rudolph. At an audience in September 1601 the three men met and Tycho
suggested a glorious new project, to be entitled the <span class="BodytextItalic"><i>Rudolphine Tables</i>.</span> Everyone was pleased, and so
it happened that the two Protestant scientists were engaged in the Roman
Catholic imperial epicenter of Prague. But just a month later Tycho Brahe
died unexpectedly. It was promptly decided that Kepler was to take over
Tycho’s position, and his main task was to compile the <span class="BodytextItalic"><i>Tables</i>.</span> He successfully managed to achieve this
goal, but the book was not published until 1627. In the meantime Kepler had
several problems and conflicts to manage: fighting with the Brahe heirs who
watched over their interests; inventing a new planetary theory and other
methods to improve accuracy and facilitate the reading of the <span class="BodytextItalic"><i>Tables</i>;</span> procuring a salary from the imperial
treasury for his family to survive; dealing with many personal
disappointments; carefully maneuvering both in war conflicts and around three
successive emperors; and curbing his love for new mathematical speculations.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.05pt; mso-element-left: 121.4pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.05pt; mso-element-left: 121.4pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">The <i><span class="BodytextItalic">Rudolphine
Tables</span></i> were the first set of astronomical tables that allowed one to
calculate the position of the planets even in the far future with an accuracy
sufficient to make reliable predictions. To be sure, there were earlier
tables much resorted to by navigators, astronomers, and astrologers, but
regardless of what model they were based on, their predictions gave errors of
up to five degrees. (For comparison, the angular diameter of the moon is
around half a degree.) The predictions made from the new <span class="BodytextItalic"><i>Tables</i>,</span> however, proved to be 30 to 50 times more
accurate. The astronomical tables themselves did not state any positions at a
certain day, but they served as the basis for annual ephemerides which
provided calculated daily positions of celestial objects.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.05pt; mso-element-left: 121.4pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.05pt; mso-element-left: 121.4pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is the only book by Kepler to carry an
elaborate frontispiece, and he designed it himself (see Figure</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1680144274492583130#bookmark1" title="Current Document"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> 1)</span></a><span style="color: black;">. By taking a tour around the picture, we may see how
Kepler pays tribute to his astronomical predecessors. At first sight the
impression is that he portrays himself in a very unobtrusive or even
submissive way. It is true that he wanted to give prominence to Tycho, and
that he was under pressure from the Brahe family to do so. However, after a
closer look we will discover that Kepler, with subtle methods, often manages
to emphasize his own achievements and hardships. After the title pages of the
<i><span class="BodytextItalic">Tables</span></i> there is a long hexameter poem by
Kepler’s Latinist friend Johannes Hebenstreit. It is a complimentary idyll,
steeped in mythology, but does not always follow the frontispiece, to put it
mildly.</span></span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.05pt; mso-element-left: 121.4pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">The frontispiece nicely matches the original
French architectural term designating a decorated front of a building. A <i><span class="BodytextItalic">frontispiece</span> </i>should set the character of the interior of a building or a book, soon to be
disclosed to the eyes of the viewer or reader. In a book, it also gave a
pleasant contrast to the often long and nested text following the title page.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="height: 769px; width: 479px;" vspace="0"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" height="769" style="padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">We stand in front of a classical temple
dedicated to the muse of astronomy, Urania. She is seen at the top of the
dome rushing forward in a carriage. Carrying a starred crown, she seems to be
searching for someone to crown with a laurel wreath. Well, there are some
good candidates further down.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">There are twelve columns on the high
foundation, two of them hidden from our view. This corresponds to a temple
shaped as a dodecagon. The twelve sides represent the signs of the Zodiac,
some of them visible as sections on the floor.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">The increasing solidity and elegance of the
columns (proceeding from the back to the front of the temple) describes the
development of astronomy from ancient times until Copernicus and Tycho Brahe.
Close to the columns, some historic figures are absorbed in work and
discussion. At the back, we spot a Chaldean astronomer in a Phrygian cap
making observations between rough-hewn log pillars. It is in the Babylonian
and Chaldean civilizations that we find many of the earliest traces of
Western mathematical astronomy. Their priest-scribes compiled catalogues,
recognized many cyclic occurrences, and tried to make predictions
arithmetically. They observed that the movements of the planets were not
uniform. To describe and explain this behaviour became the central
theoretical problems for astronomers ever since the Greek era. Kepler also
knew well that the sexagesimal number system had its origins in ancient
Mesopotamia, and sexagesimal coordinates were something that he made
frequent use of in his <span class="BodytextItalic"><i>Tables</i>.</span></span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">The next two columns are portrayed as fragile
piles of stone blocks, but proceeding to the brick pillars, we find our
first two names. On the right, the name Meton sticks out. Active at the time
of Socrates, he was a well-known Athenian geometer and astronomer. He tried
to improve the calendar and gave name to the Metonic cycle, which is based on
the observation that 19 years are (coincidentally) very close to 235 months
counted as the period of the moon’s phases. Many civilizations used this cycle
to form lunisolar calendars. On Meton’s column hangs a tribute to them: a
disc divided into 19 sections, decorated with sun and moon. In Kepler’s days
Gregorian calendar reform was fiercely debated. Although criticized by other
Protestants, both Tycho and Kepler stood up for it.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">On the left side, it may at first seem odd
that Kepler chose the Greek poet Ara- tus as one of the pillars of astronomy.
Aratus is mainly known for a long didactic hexameter poem called <span class="BodytextItalic">Phaenomena</span> (“Appearances”). This work, a blockbuster
in antiquity, is actually a commissioned verse setting of treatises by
Eudoxus, one of the finest Greek mathematicians and astronomers. None of his
works have survived, however, and we have to rely on others to get glimpses
of his contributions and brilliance. In Aratus’s poem we find the first
description of our familiar star constellations. Eudoxus combined a number of
nested rotating spheres to represent a planet’s motion around the Earth.
With this clever geometric model he could qualitatively account for
apparently irregular motions seen in the sky, not only deviation from the
ecliptic, but also retrograde motion (where he needed four spheres). The
first mathematical model combining the Pythagorean and Platonic ideas of
uniform circular motions was born, the starting point of a long tradition.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.55pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Nailed to Aratus’s column is an old
astronomical instrument, the armillary sphere. The Earth in the middle is
surrounded by the equator, the ecliptic, and other great circles of interest. It was widely
used as a quick and simplified way to determine celestial positions in
various frames of reference. Look at the flag of Portugal and you will see
another example honouring a seafaring nation.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.55pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.55pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="height: 769px; width: 479px;" vspace="0"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" height="769" style="padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.55pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">While the last two brick columns were
associated with the foundations of astronomy in the Greek-speaking world,
the next two represent the culmination.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.55pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.55pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">The armillary sphere can be seen as a skeleton
version of the celestial globe displayed on the neighbouring column of
Hipparchus. The smooth surface could show the stars and the constellations
(seen from outside), all often designed as a work of art. Being a skilled
observer, Hipparchus compiled a famous catalogue around 130 BC with hundreds
of star positions, which was not surpassed, in its essence, until Tycho
Brahe’s observations. Kepler made the lost catalogue appear again in the
picture, where Hipparchus carries in his right hand a book with the Latin
title <span class="BodytextItalic"><i>Catalogus stellarum fixarum</i>.</span> In his
left hand, we see a document labelled <span class="BodytextItalic">Test.</span>
with two affixed seals. The title could be short for <i><span class="BodytextItalic">Testimonium</span> </i>or <i><span class="BodytextItalic">Testamentum</span></i>, a testimony or legacy not only of the influential
contributions made by Hipparchus himself, but also of observations and views
by his predecessors. These led Hipparchus to the discovery of <i><span class="BodytextItalic">precession</span></i>, which we would now describe as a slow
change in the orientation of the Earth’s axis of rotation. We should also honour
him as the founder of trigonometry: the first trigonometric table listed
chord length as a function of the central angle.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.55pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.55pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Around the middle of the second century AD,
the most important astronomical book that survived the turmoils of antiquity
and its aftermath appeared. With Ptolemy’s <i><span class="BodytextItalic">Almagest</span>
</i>we have for the first time a table and parameters that allowed the reader to
calculate the heavenly motions. The author also presented a coherent
geocentric model of the known universe based on his own and earlier
observational data.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.55pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.55pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Ptolemy, like a true mathematician, is sitting
writing on the tablecloth, with his book close at hand, and we see one
version of the Greek title, <span class="BodytextItalic"><i>Megale syntaxis</i>.</span>
Our current English title, <span class="BodytextItalic"><i>Almagest</i>,</span> goes
back to the mixed Arabic name meaning “the greatest”. A small figure can be
discerned on the table: a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle. Apparently
Ptolemy has just discovered his powerful theorem saying that the product of
the two diagonals equals the sum of the products of the opposite sides. With
its help he would generate a famous trigonometric chord table from a few
basic chord values known since Euclid.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.55pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.55pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">On a stone tablet leaning against the
pedestal, there is an illustration of the three mathematical
“e”-constructions used by Ptolemy and his forerunners: The planet moved
uniformly on a small circle called an <i><span class="BodytextItalic">epicycle</span></i>,
the center of which revolved along a larger circle. If the Earth was outside
the center of this larger circle, its position was called <i><span class="BodytextItalic">eccentric</span></i>. The most controversial trick used to
account for the variation in a planet’s angular speed was to make the motion
along the large circle uniform only when seen from another point, called the <span class="BodytextItalic"><i>equant</i>,</span> different from the center and the Earth.
Much of Ptolemy’s impressive, but incorrect, conception of the world was
adopted by scholars and the Christian Church, but with the decline of the
Hellenistic culture and loss of many of its texts, these ideas fossilized
during the early Middle Ages.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.55pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">The handy flat instrument on Ptolemy’s column
is a version of the celebrated astrolabe. It was a versatile predecessor of
the simple didactic planisphere, or (why not) an analog smartphone in
antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ptolemy used and described the astrolabe, which was basically a
plane model of the sky through stereographic projection, with nested
revolving plates attached.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="height: 769px; width: 479px;" vspace="0"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" height="769" style="padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Continuing on to the two most elegant columns
at the front, there are but a few steps, though it calls for a giant leap in
time. Copernicus is sitting close to a Roman Doric column. Right above him
hangs an instrument that goes back at least to Ptolemy, but which Copernicus
described in his famous book <span class="BodytextItalic"><i>De revolutionibus
orbis coelestium</i>,</span> lying in his lap. It was called a <span class="BodytextItalic"><i>triquetrum</i>,</span> a practical design for reading the
altitude of objects from the horizon. Further up we find a long cross.
Although Copernicus had official positions at the cathedral in Frombork for
most of his life, he never became a priest. So we should rather understand
the cross as another instrument to measure altitudes and angles, known as a
cross-staff or a Jacob’s staff. The simplicity made it popular with
navigators.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Copernicus conducted many observations from
his Frombork tower, still with quite primitive instruments. But as recorded
through the manuscript at the base of the pillar, late in his life he was
also presented with a large stock of unpublished planetary observations made
by the two fifteenth century Nuremberg astronomers Regiomontanus and Bernhard
Walther.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">For more than thirty years Copernicus
developed his new model with the Earth both rotating around its axis and
revolving around a static sun. In 1543, the last year of his life, he was
finally persuaded to print the book <span class="BodytextItalic"><i>De
revolutionibus</i>. </span>Even though it is clear that he meant to describe the
physical reality, there were several reasons why the theory was treated as
another convenient hypothesis for mathematicians to work out the planetary
motions. This was the tradition for all earlier models, and the church
authorities were satisfied as long as it remained so. But even most
scientists were not yet convinced. Theoretically, it was not much simpler
than the more intuitive geocentric model. Copernicus had still felt the need
to employ a system of circles and a few epicycles, as did Ptolemy. And
practically, the observations available at this time, which should confirm a
correct model, were simply not accurate and systematic enough.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Tycho Brahe had advocated his own model to
account for the planetary motions, a kind of compromise between the Ptolemaic
and Copernican ideas, known as the Tychonic system. The Earth is still at the
center with the sun revolving around it, but the other planets move around
the sun. In the picture we can see Tycho pointing at the model adorning the
temple ceiling while trying to persuade Copernicus,<i> <span class="BodytextItalic">Quid si sic?</span></i> (“What about this?”) This question
appears less innocently in a popular emblem book from 1611 by Gabriel
Rollenhagen (familiar to Kepler). An emblem was a picture accompanied by a
short aphoristic text. In this particular one, a dwarf on stilts looks at his
mirror image, and the text where he poses the question ends with the morality
“art can never improve on the wisdom of nature”.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">But the scene in the <i><span class="BodytextItalic">Tables</span></i> frontispiece actually went back to Tycho
himself. There are descriptions of the interior of his half-subterranean
observatory Stjerneborg on Ven. There in an ornamented, heated, central room,
the Tychonic model could be seen from the cupola-ceiling. Much in that room,
such as allegorical figures, paintings, and inscriptions, must have inspired
Kepler to the frontispiece, even though he never saw the room. Beyond seven
paintings of astronomers from antiquity to Tycho himself, a yet unborn,
messianic figure called Tychonides was portrayed, with the Latin inscription
“that he might be worthy of his great ancestor”! </span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>DE</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:DoNotOptimizeForBrowser/>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:none;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="height: 769px; width: 479px;" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="769" style="padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">In the frontispiece Tycho Brahe is leaning
against the most decorated Corinthian column. After complaints from the Brahe
family, he is now dressed in his well-known ermine robe with the collar of
the Order of the Elephant around his neck (the highest order in Denmark). We
see one of his books, the <i><span class="BodytextItalic">Progymnasmata</span></i>,
which described his planetary theories and contained the new star catalogue.
Kepler completed and published the book in 1602 after Tycho’s death.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">On the column, we see two instruments which
Tycho had developed and improved in order to attain better precision and
stability. A breakthrough was the Medium-Sized Quadrant from 1580 made of
solid brass, just above his head. He also constructed a number of sextants
with 60° arcs which were mainly made of wood. They were often light and
portable, but later he made them larger and fixed, like the Triangular
Sextant from 1582 further up on the column. (It looks rather like a 45°
octant here, but we look at it slightly from the side!)</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">These instruments were used on the isle of
Ven, which is prominently displayed in the central panel of the foundation
with the castle in the middle. According to Hebenstreit’s poem, the important
base meridian used by Tycho and Kepler is shown. The dashed line in the
picture, however, is if anything perpendicular to this meridian, since the
north is directed towards the right, as the compass rose correctly shows.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">In the panel to the left we finally catch
sight of Kepler himself. By candlelight, tired and dressed in nightwear, the
protagonist looks at us, perhaps asking for pity. The long hours have taken
their toll on him. Only a few coins from the Habsburg eagle have reached his
table, but he is the proud architect of the temple. On the table lies a
replica of the dome, where he displayed his skills as the culmination of the
tradition below, as we shall see. On the wall are four titles of his major
works and four city coats of arms, representing Bohemia, Prague, Upper
Austria, and Linz (where Kepler moved in 1612).</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">In the adjoining panel, one of Tycho Brahe’s
heirs points upwards at Tycho’s observational records and to the right at
Kepler. The two panels at the other end refer to the printing of the book (in
Ulm). In between them the double-headed Habsburg eagle grants the printing
privilege. Below we are told that Georg Coler engraved the frontispiece in
Nuremberg. </span><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>DE</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:DoNotOptimizeForBrowser/>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:none;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="height: 769px; width: 480px;" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="769" style="padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">laws, were wrong, the argument of a
sun-centered force had put him on the right track.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">As a consequence Kepler also insisted that the
Earth in his model should behave just like the other planets. Some
traditional Earth-specific features could still be seen in Copernicus’s
theory, but Kepler now exploited all aspects of heliocentrism. In this way
the assumptions became simple, natural, and uniform, though it turned out
that he had to invent new techniques and go through long and complicated
calculations in order to truly describe the orbits. The focus was on the
planet Mars. Kepler’s “warfare on Mars” engaged him between 1600 and 1605,
and the process has been called “the birth of the scientific method”.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">In his first attempts he tried to keep a
circular orbit for Mars around the sun. To account for the observations, he
put the sun a little off center, and on the opposite side he reinserted an
equant; i.e., seen from this point Mars moved uniformly. Even though he varied
the relative distances of the sun and the equant from the center of the
orbit, the model refused to come sufficiently close to Brahe’s trusted
observations. If the distances were equal, however, he noted that Mars’
linear velocity seemed to be inversely proportional to its distance from the
sun. This distance law was strictly valid only when the planet was furthest
from or nearest to the sun, but he hypothesized the rule for the whole orbit.
Later he found the correct rule by substituting the linear velocity with its
component perpendicular to the radius vector from the sun. From the distance
law it was theoretically possible to determine the position of Mars in its
orbit at a given time. With no calculus available, but inspired by ideas from
Archimedes and Nicholas of Cusa, he first resorted to numerical summation to
compute an elliptic integral and then solved the inverse problem by
interpolation. The calculations became exceedingly laborious, but he found a
shortcut by summing areas instead of distances:<i> </i><span class="BodytextItalic"><i>the
line joining a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal time</i>.</span>
It has become known as the<i> <span class="BodytextItalic">area law</span></i> or <span class="BodytextItalic">Kepler’s <i>second law</i></span>. Sector areas in an eccentric
circle were known, and the calculations could be simplified. Typical is
Kepler’s use of conjectures which, even if not completely accurate, led him
forward to new discoveries and relations, from which he could go back and
modify the conjectures and their connections. The level of proof was set by
Tycho Brahe’s observations and the requirement that all motions should be
physically natural.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">The next muse, <i><span class="BodytextItalic">Stathmica</span>
</i>(second from right), is meant to illustrate the area law. She holds a
steelyard balance. The sun is at the fulcrum and (instead of a fish and some
weights) two planets are hanging so that the system is in equilibrium. This
is a simplified version of a figure in Book IV of <span class="BodytextItalic"><i>Epitome
astronomiae Copernicanae</i> </span>(1621), the full and mature outline of
Kepler’s achievements and the basis for the <i><span class="BodytextItalic">Tables</span></i>.
His idea of how the motion of a planet is balanced under the force from the
sun is symbolized in this simple figure. We may also see both the law of the
lever and Kepler’s area law as expressing the principle of conservation of
angular momentum. Newton later showed the area law to be valid under any
central force.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Implicit in Kepler’s models thus far had been
the traditional assumption that the Earth moved in an eccentric circular
orbit, but uniformly with respect to the center (i.e., no need for a distinct
equant). He set as his next task to find out whether this was really true.
The determination of a planet’s orbit around the sun required of course a
proper description of how the Earth moved. By a famous new method in which he
used specific Mars observations from Tycho’s abundant data, Kepler </span><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>DE</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:DoNotOptimizeForBrowser/>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:none;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="height: 769px; width: 479px;" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="769" style="padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">found that also in the case of the Earth the
equant point had to differ (slightly) from the center of the orbit. Now he
used this better approximation of the Earth’s orbit, together with the area
law, to continue his attack on Mars.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">But with its larger eccentricity, the circular
orbit model for Mars still refused to agree with Tycho’s observations. It
took Kepler two more years to finally arrive at the correct elliptic orbit.
It was clear that the circle had to be compressed to an oval of some kind. He
first tried with the boundary of an asymmetric two-dimensional egg, since
this path could be generated by an (old-style) epicycle. He approximated this
oval with an ellipse in order to more simply use his area law; sector areas
were explicitly known for ellipses since antiquity. Finally, he found a close
fit when he chose a new ellipse halfway between the circle and the
approximating ellipse.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">He might have stopped here and triumphed. But
just as when he abandoned the circle, he still did not understand how an
elliptic orbit could be physically motivated. As a fortunate consequence of
the further pursuit, he arrived at an explicit construction of the orbit. An
opening came when he noticed a striking geometric expression for the distance
between the sun and a specific position of Mars. Again he could make a
natural generalization of this expression around the whole orbit,
representing the distance as a function of the orbital angle he had used
before, the so-called <i><span class="BodytextItalic">eccentric anomaly</span></i>.
This angle was measured at the center along the eccentric auxiliary circle.
He was disappointed to find that the orbit (called the <i><span class="BodytextItalic">via buccosa</span></i>) did not comply with the observations
sufficiently well, and it was not even an ellipse. Struck by a last brilliant
idea, Kepler now realized that he could represent the sun-to-Mars direction
by another generalization, and still keep the earlier relation between
distance and eccentric anomaly. In technical terms he had redefined the
relation between the eccentric anomaly and the true anomaly (the angle of the
Mars position seen from the sun). And this time the calculated orbit was in
accordance with Tycho’s data. He could also prove that the curve was an
ellipse with the right eccentricity, and he claimed that, as described, the
ellipse had physical grounds. (It was shown much later that also the<i> <span class="BodytextItalic">via buccosa </span></i>actually fulfilled all of Kepler’s
criteria. He seems to have made an incorrect implicit assumption which caused
the discrepancy. Perhaps Kepler would have attacked and resolved this problem
as well, had he been aware of it! At least one can say that he had taken his
theory down to the very limits of Tycho’s observations.)</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Kepler was ready in 1605 to publish the new
results. In the exceptional book <i><span class="BodytextItalic">Astronomia nova</span></i>
he included also the setbacks and failures along the road to the ellipse.
Conflicts with the Brahe family and financial problems delayed the printing
until 1609.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">In the right center position on the dome, the
muse known as <i><span class="BodytextItalic">Doctrina triangulorum</span></i> (the
science of triangles), i.e., trigonometry, reminds us of <span class="BodytextItalic">Kepler’s<i> first law</i></span>, as it was later called: <span class="BodytextItalic"><i>planets move in ellipses with the sun at one focus</i>.</span>
In a firm grip she holds the traditional square and compasses. In front of
her we see a figure which Kepler used to describe and determine his last
ellipse. It is shown dashed inside its auxiliary circle. The sun <span class="BodytextItalic">S</span> is at a focus, and some positions of Mars are
designated by <span class="BodytextItalic">F</span>, <span class="BodytextItalic">H</span>, and <span class="BodytextItalic">L</span> along
the ellipse. Later in the book, in Chapter 20 of the explanatory notes before
the actual tables, Kepler refers to this tiny figure found only in the
frontispiece!</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Just above, you cannot miss the Habsburg eagle
hovering over the dome. Rudolph II and the two succeeding emperors here got
their due share. The bird of prey generously drops coins from its beak,
which we may follow down through the temple.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
</div>
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="height: 737px; width: 480px;" vspace="0"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" height="737" style="padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">The fourth muse in the left center position
bears the name of <span class="BodytextItalic"><i>Logarithmica</i>. </span>For Kepler
it seemed as though the heavens repaid him for his efforts when he heard of
Napier’s invention of the logarithms in 1617. He understood at once their
importance and how much time and effort would be saved in the computations
necessary for his <i><span class="BodytextItalic">Tables</span></i>, and he became the
first to apply logarithms on a large scale. Napier’s second book, which
explained the construction, had not yet appeared, so Kepler began to develop
his own theory and logarithmic tables. He derived the independent heavy
construction from Euclid’s theory of proportions. Theory and tables were
published in two books a few years later. For the convenience of the reader,
Kepler cleverly included two logarithmic tables in the <i><span class="BodytextItalic">Rudolphine Tables</span></i> as well. Take a look at the
halo above Logarithmica’s head where the number 69314.72 shines. We recognize
it today as a multiple of the basic log<sub>e</sub> 2. Actually, Kepler’s
first table gives —10<sup>5</sup> log<sub>e</sub> x, while the second
tabulates —10<sup>5</sup> log<sub>e</sub> sin y. So <span class="BodytextItalic">x</span> = 2 and <span class="BodytextItalic">y</span> =
30° give the logarithmic value in the halo. The lengths of the two rods that
muse Logarithmica carries are in proportion 1 : 2. In music theory, this
ratio corresponds to the basic octave interval. Such harmonies always played
a vital role in Kepler’s thoughts.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">It is interesting to note that it was when
Kepler learned and thought about the new logarithms that he also discovered
his so-called <i><span class="BodytextItalic">third law</span></i>:<i> </i><span class="BodytextItalic"><i>for any two planets the squares of their orbital periods
are to each other as the cubes of their mean distances from the sun</i>.</span>
Kepler’s mind was now open to thinking in terms of geometric sequences.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">The last two muses both reflect the fact that
Kepler wrote two books which laid the foundation for theoretical optics. You
do not hear much about this since he neither invented the telescope (he had
bad eyes) nor discovered the exact law of refraction (he only needed a good
approximation). Descartes and others later acknowledged Kepler as the master
of optics. Early questions regarding eclipses and refraction led Kepler to
write the first modern book on optics, <i><span class="BodytextItalic">Astronomiae
pars optica</span></i> (1604). This was done in the midst of his intense Mars
studies. He also came up with novel ideas about conic sections when he
treated curved mirrors.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">On the far left, the radiating head of the
muse <i><span class="BodytextItalic">Physica lucis et umbrarum</span></i> (“the
physics of light and shadows”) seems to cast a shadow cone behind the sphere
in her right hand. The sphere and shadow also bear some resemblance to a
comet with a tail. Among the several comets Kepler observed and described
during his life, one was sighted in 1607. It was to reappear 75 years later
and became known as Halley’s comet.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">The muse <i><span class="BodytextItalic">Optica</span>
</i>(second from left) exhibits a telescope of an odd rectangular form. In 1610
Kepler first heard of Galileo’s telescope and what it had revealed about the
heavens. Again he had immediately recognized and acknowledged a new
revolutionary invention. As with the logarithms he wrote an important
treatise, <span class="BodytextItalic"><i>Dioptrice</i>,</span> explaining
mathematically how light passed through systems of lenses, especially in
Galileo’s magical tube. He went on to design a new type of telescope with a
convex lens also for the eyepiece instead of Galileo’s concave one, which
allowed for higher magnification.</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">At the top we see six scientific muses
bordering the dome, all at the service of Queen Urania above them. Such
allegorical figures were abundant in medieval and Renaissance illustrations,
typically personifying the seven liberal arts which formed the educational
canon. Kepler here instead invokes a different set of sciences covering
important discoveries, inventions, and ideas in his career.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">We start at the right side of the dome with
the charged figure of <span class="BodytextItalic"><i>Magnetica</i> </span>holding a
lodestone and a compass. Already in his first work Kepler had insisted on a
physical cause of planetary motion. Earlier it was argued that you could not,
or at least should not try to, figure out the physical grounds. Kepler, with
his firm belief that all the planets orbited the sun in almost the same
plane, thought that such a force must emanate from the sun. And without the
unifying theory of gravity and the conception of inertial motion, he turned
to magnetism. This was the force in vogue at a time when the Earth had
recently been found to act as a giant magnet. The rotation of the sun and the
magnetic interaction between sun and planet caused the planet to orbit the
sun, Kepler proposed. Even though these physical speculations, and other
neo-Platonic ideas based on simplicity of natural found that also in the case of the Earth the
equant point had to differ (slightly) from the center of the orbit. Now he
used this better approximation of the Earth’s orbit, together with the area
law, to continue his attack on Mars.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="height: 769px; width: 479px;" vspace="0"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" height="769" style="padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">But with its larger eccentricity, the circular
orbit model for Mars still refused to agree with Tycho’s observations. It
took Kepler two more years to finally arrive at the correct elliptic orbit.
It was clear that the circle had to be compressed to an oval of some kind. He
first tried with the boundary of an asymmetric two-dimensional egg, since
this path could be generated by an (old-style) epicycle. He approximated this
oval with an ellipse in order to more simply use his area law; sector areas
were explicitly known for ellipses since antiquity. Finally, he found a close
fit when he chose a new ellipse halfway between the circle and the
approximating ellipse.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">He might have stopped here and triumphed. But
just as when he abandoned the circle, he still did not understand how an
elliptic orbit could be physically motivated. As a fortunate consequence of
the further pursuit, he arrived at an explicit construction of the orbit. An
opening came when he noticed a striking geometric expression for the distance
between the sun and a specific position of Mars. Again he could make a
natural generalization of this expression around the whole orbit,
representing the distance as a function of the orbital angle he had used
before, the so-called <span class="BodytextItalic">eccentric anomaly</span>.
This angle was measured at the center along the eccentric auxiliary circle.
He was disappointed to find that the orbit (called the <span class="BodytextItalic">via buccosa</span>) did not comply with the observations
sufficiently well, and it was not even an ellipse. Struck by a last brilliant
idea, Kepler now realized that he could represent the sun-to-Mars direction
by another generalization, and still keep the earlier relation between
distance and eccentric anomaly. In technical terms he had redefined the
relation between the eccentric anomaly and the true anomaly (the angle of the
Mars position seen from the sun). And this time the calculated orbit was in
accordance with Tycho’s data. He could also prove that the curve was an
ellipse with the right eccentricity, and he claimed that, as described, the
ellipse had physical grounds. (It was shown much later that also the <span class="BodytextItalic">via buccosa </span>actually fulfilled all of Kepler’s
criteria. He seems to have made an incorrect implicit assumption which caused
the discrepancy. Perhaps Kepler would have attacked and resolved this problem
as well, had he been aware of it! At least one can say that he had taken his
theory down to the very limits of Tycho’s observations.)</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Kepler was ready in 1605 to publish the new
results. In the exceptional book <span class="BodytextItalic">Astronomia nova</span>
he included also the setbacks and failures along the road to the ellipse.
Conflicts with the Brahe family and financial problems delayed the printing
until 1609.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 576.5pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.3pt; mso-element-left: 121.3pt; mso-element-top: 129.65pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">In the right center position on the dome, the
muse known as <span class="BodytextItalic">Doctrina triangu- lorum</span> (the
science of triangles), i.e., trigonometry, reminds us of <span class="BodytextItalic">Kepler’s first law</span>, as it was later called: <span class="BodytextItalic">planets move in ellipses with the sun at one focus.</span>
In a firm grip she holds the traditional square and compasses. In front of
her we see a figure which Kepler used to describe and determine his last
ellipse. It is shown dashed inside its auxiliary circle. The sun <span class="BodytextItalic">S</span> is at a focus, and some positions of Mars are
designated by <span class="BodytextItalic">F</span>, <span class="BodytextItalic">H</span>, and <span class="BodytextItalic">L</span> along
the ellipse. Later in the book, in Chapter 20 of the explanatory notes before
the actual tables, Kepler refers to this tiny figure found only in the
frontispiece!</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Just above, you cannot miss the Habsburg eagle
hovering over the dome. Rudolph II and the two succeeding emperors here got
their due share. The bird of prey generously drops coins from its beak,
which we may follow down through the temple.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="height: 737px; width: 480px;" vspace="0"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" height="737" style="padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">The fourth muse in the left center position
bears the name of <span class="BodytextItalic">Logarithmica. </span>For Kepler
it seemed as though the heavens repaid him for his efforts when he heard of
Napier’s invention of the logarithms in 1617. He understood at once their
importance and how much time and effort would be saved in the computations
necessary for his <i><span class="BodytextItalic">Tables</span></i>, and he became the
first to apply logarithms on a large scale. Napier’s second book, which
explained the construction, had not yet appeared, so Kepler began to develop
his own theory and logarithmic tables. He derived the independent heavy
construction from Euclid’s theory of proportions. Theory and tables were
published in two books a few years later. For the convenience of the reader,
Kepler cleverly included two logarithmic tables in the <i><span class="BodytextItalic">Rudolphine Tables</span></i> as well. Take a look at the
halo above Logarithmica’s head where the number 69314.72 shines. We recognize
it today as a multiple of the basic log<sub>e</sub> 2. Actually, Kepler’s
first table gives —10<sup>5</sup> log<sub>e</sub> x, while the second
tabulates —10<sup>5</sup> log<sub>e</sub> sin y. So <span class="BodytextItalic">x</span> = 2 and <span class="BodytextItalic">y</span> =
30° give the logarithmic value in the halo. The lengths of the two rods that
muse Logarithmica carries are in proportion 1 : 2. In music theory, this
ratio corresponds to the basic octave interval. Such harmonies always played
a vital role in Kepler’s thoughts.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">It is interesting to note that it was when
Kepler learned and thought about the new logarithms that he also discovered
his so-called <span class="BodytextItalic">third law</span>: <span class="BodytextItalic">for any two planets the squares of their orbital periods
are to each other as the cubes of their mean distances from the sun.</span>
Kepler’s mind was now open to thinking in terms of geometric sequences.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">The last two muses both reflect the fact that
Kepler wrote two books which laid the foundation for theoretical optics. You
do not hear much about this since he neither invented the telescope (he had
bad eyes) nor discovered the exact law of refraction (he only needed a good
approximation). Descartes and others later acknowledged Kepler as the master
of optics. Early questions regarding eclipses and refraction led Kepler to
write the first modern book on optics, <span class="BodytextItalic">Astronomic
pars optica</span> (1604). This was done in the midst of his intense Mars
studies. He also came up with novel ideas about conic sections when he
treated curved mirrors.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">On the far left, the radiating head of the
muse <span class="BodytextItalic">Physica lucis et umbrarum</span> (“the
physics of light and shadows”) seems to cast a shadow cone behind the sphere
in her right hand. The sphere and shadow also bear some resemblance to a
comet with a tail. Among the several comets Kepler observed and described
during his life, one was sighted in 1607. It was to reappear 75 years later
and became known as Halley’s comet.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">The muse <span class="BodytextItalic">Optica</span>
(second from left) exhibits a telescope of an odd rectangular form. In 1610
Kepler first heard of Galileo’s telescope and what it had revealed about the
heavens. Again he had immediately recognized and acknowledged a new
revolutionary invention. As with the logarithms he wrote an important
treatise, <span class="BodytextItalic">Dioptrice,</span> explaining
mathematically how light passed through systems of lenses, especially in
Galileo’s magical tube. He went on to design a new type of telescope with a
convex lens also for the eyepiece instead of Galileo’s concave one, which
allowed for higher magnification. </span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>DE</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:DoNotOptimizeForBrowser/>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 552.75pt; mso-element-frame-width: 359.75pt; mso-element-left: 121.05pt; mso-element-top: 130.85pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:none;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 254.7pt; mso-element-frame-width: 358.8pt; mso-element-left: 121.55pt; mso-element-top: 131.1pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="height: 340px; width: 478px;" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="340" style="padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 254.7pt; mso-element-frame-width: 358.8pt; mso-element-left: 121.55pt; mso-element-top: 131.1pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">With unflagging enthusiasm Hebenstreit reveals
in the poem that behind the dome, out of our sight, there are six more muses
personifying other sciences which had engaged Kepler’s thoughts.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 254.7pt; mso-element-frame-width: 358.8pt; mso-element-left: 121.55pt; mso-element-top: 131.1pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 254.7pt; mso-element-frame-width: 358.8pt; mso-element-left: 121.55pt; mso-element-top: 131.1pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">When you look at a page in the <span class="BodytextItalic"><i>Rudolphine Tables</i>,</span> give a thought to the mathematical
and astronomical symbols. These special printing types were precious to
Kepler. He only had confidence in his own set, which he carried around from
city to city in the 1620s when the war came closer.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 254.7pt; mso-element-frame-width: 358.8pt; mso-element-left: 121.55pt; mso-element-top: 131.1pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 254.7pt; mso-element-frame-width: 358.8pt; mso-element-left: 121.55pt; mso-element-top: 131.1pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Shortly before his death in 1629 Johannes
Kepler published a little pamphlet where he pointed out that two years later
at specified times both of the inner planets, Mercury and Venus, were to pass
across the face of the sun. He also described how to observe these events for
the first time. The prediction of the Mercury transit in 1631 could be seen
in Europe, and it turned out to be correct within a few hours.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 254.7pt; mso-element-frame-width: 358.8pt; mso-element-left: 121.55pt; mso-element-top: 131.1pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 254.7pt; mso-element-frame-width: 358.8pt; mso-element-left: 121.55pt; mso-element-top: 131.1pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">More and more people accepted that at last
someone had figured out how our planets move in the sense that meaningful
predictions could be made. On planet Earth the Thirty Years’ War still raged.
In a few years, a young man would be seen sitting under an apple tree,
perhaps in the orchard around Kepler’s temple, pondering over how to further
embellish the temple and explain its construction. But that was a
constellation the <i><span class="BodytextItalic">Rudolphine Tables</span></i> could
not predict.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="height: 97px; width: 459px;" vspace="0"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" height="97" style="padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="Picturecaption0" style="background: transparent; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 72.55pt; mso-element-frame-width: 344.35pt; mso-element-left: 129.0pt; mso-element-top: 650.05pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="bookmark1"><span class="PicturecaptionSpacing0pt"><span lang="EN-US">FIGURE
1. </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Clear copy of the
cover: Frontispiece designed by Johannes Kepler for the </span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: bookmark1;"><span class="PicturecaptionItalicSpacing0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><i>Tabula Rudolphin</i>e</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">
(the </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: bookmark1;"><i><span class="PicturecaptionItalicSpacing0pt"><span lang="EN-US">Rudolphine Tables</span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">). The Habsburg eagle is flying above the temple,
and directly below it is Urania, the muse of astronomy. Arrayed around her
above the front columns of the temple are six more muses: Physica lucis (at
left), Optica, Logarithmica, Doctrina triangulorum, Stathmica, and Magnetica.
Within the temple we see an ancient astronomer (back center), then (from left
to right) Hipparchus, Copernicus, Brahe, and Ptolemy. Kepler is modestly
positioned on the base of the temple in the second-to-left panel.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bookmark: bookmark1;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> Institut Mittag-Leffler, Aurav¨agen 17, SE-18260 Djursholm, Sweden</span></span><br />
<span style="mso-bookmark: bookmark1;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> E-mail address: ragstedt@mittag-leffler.se</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bookmark: bookmark1;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">In: BULLETIN (new series) OF THE</span></span><br />
<span style="mso-bookmark: bookmark1;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">AMERCICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY </span></span><br />
<span style="mso-bookmark: bookmark1;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Volume 50, Number 4, October 2013, Pages 629–639</span></span><br />
<span style="mso-bookmark: bookmark1;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">S 0273-0979(2013)01416-2</span></span><br />
<span style="mso-bookmark: bookmark1;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Article electronically published on June 10, 2013</span></span><br />
<br />
<i><span style="mso-bookmark: bookmark1;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Under the flag of war: </span></span>Mapping during 600 years anniversary of the astronomical tower clock situated at Old Town Square in center of Prague.</i></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 254.7pt; mso-element-frame-width: 358.8pt; mso-element-left: 121.55pt; mso-element-top: 131.1pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="550" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/u4LVEAiZJyg?feature=player_detailpage" width="550"></iframe><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tea7aM6Vj_o/VSEJHyaNjvI/AAAAAAABXBw/uygxlmvpc6A/s1600/index%2Be.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="550" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tea7aM6Vj_o/VSEJHyaNjvI/AAAAAAABXBw/uygxlmvpc6A/s640/index%2Be.jpg" width="550" /></a></div>
José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-79697764122799271152015-09-11T13:30:00.000+02:002015-09-11T20:52:09.796+02:00When you stand by the Gate of Death<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>DE</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LdLlC1WNKQw/VfK6xwTx_xI/AAAAAAABbdg/1MnWJAS-EnA/s1600/metropolis-hel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="506" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LdLlC1WNKQw/VfK6xwTx_xI/AAAAAAABbdg/1MnWJAS-EnA/s640/metropolis-hel.jpg" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4PKK6phWdec/VfK6x191dMI/AAAAAAABbdk/ZJDsI6DzYyE/s1600/tumblr_njtqtjYIXf1unt4w0o1_400.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4PKK6phWdec/VfK6x191dMI/AAAAAAABbdk/ZJDsI6DzYyE/s640/tumblr_njtqtjYIXf1unt4w0o1_400.jpg" width="550" /></a></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">There on a pedestal "as wide as a wall and as tall as a man," he
sees the stone head of a woman - with the word HEL engraved on the pedestal
of the statuette. Below HEL, he reads:
</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">BORN FOR MY HAPPINESS AND MANKIND'S BLESSING, LOST TO JOH FREDERSEN. DIED GIVING BIRTH TO FREDER, JOH FREDERSEN'S SON.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">"For
me, she is not dead, Joh Fredersen, - for me, she lives -- !"</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Isn't it worth the loss of a hand to have created the man of the future, the <u>Machine</u>
- Man - ? ! Give me another 24 hours - and no one, Joh Fredersen, no
one will be able to tell a Machine-Man from a mortal - - ! The woman is
mine, Joh Fredersen! The son of Hel was yours!</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Rotwang, Metropolis, Fritz Lang (1927) </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AN2FEUzQT5c/VfKzleWdSTI/AAAAAAABbc0/0twjBgbAXMU/s1600/b17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="75" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AN2FEUzQT5c/VfKzleWdSTI/AAAAAAABbc0/0twjBgbAXMU/s640/b17.jpg" width="550" /></a></span></div>
<br />
Óst min, kyss mik<br />
‘My love, kiss me’<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="550" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9DcvJS3_Cc0" width="550"></iframe><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hvem
skal synge meg—————Who shall sing me<br />
i daudsvevna slynge meg——-into the death-sleep sling me<br />
når eg på Helvegen går—When I walk on the Path of Death<br />
og dei spora eg trår er kalda, så kalda—-and the tracks I tread are cold, so
cold</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mjp0eY-ldts/VfKrSN-UPOI/AAAAAAABbbA/A2JoSh7wSew/s1600/niflheim13x_xthumb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mjp0eY-ldts/VfKrSN-UPOI/AAAAAAABbbA/A2JoSh7wSew/s640/niflheim13x_xthumb.jpg" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
Eg songane søkte——-I sought the songs<br />
Eg songane sende——————I sent the songs<br />
då den djupaste brunni——when the deepest well<br />
gav meg dråper så ramme—--gave me the drops so touched<br />
av Valfaders pant——-of Death-fathers wager<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pXbbLifonSM/VfKs4_mJ-7I/AAAAAAABbbw/65RPPlhBjd8/s1600/huronian-glaciation-snowball-earth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="636" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pXbbLifonSM/VfKs4_mJ-7I/AAAAAAABbbw/65RPPlhBjd8/s640/huronian-glaciation-snowball-earth.jpg" width="550" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4YZcBpDpB9I/VfKqnn9yCOI/AAAAAAABba0/gSVJJSrL9mo/s1600/metropolis10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="500" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4YZcBpDpB9I/VfKqnn9yCOI/AAAAAAABba0/gSVJJSrL9mo/s640/metropolis10.jpg" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
Alt veit eg, Odin———--I know it all, Odin<br />
var du gjømde ditt auge———where you hid your eye<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_OlA-qJ6k/VfKsh95ZiwI/AAAAAAABbbo/aosDTi_oNn8/s1600/06ba166f1cf5688adef45c1378f30f6f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="550" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_OlA-qJ6k/VfKsh95ZiwI/AAAAAAABbbo/aosDTi_oNn8/s640/06ba166f1cf5688adef45c1378f30f6f.jpg" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
Hvem skal synge meg——————Who shall sing me<br />
i daudsvevna slynge meg———-into the death-sleep sling me<br />
når eg på Helvegen går——When I walk on the Path of Death<br />
og dei spora eg trår er kalda, så kalda—-and the tracks I tread are cold, so
cold<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-psZitTu7kB8/VfKxYEDaisI/AAAAAAABbck/6UMgDBl5XGs/s1600/metropolis-2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="402" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-psZitTu7kB8/VfKxYEDaisI/AAAAAAABbck/6UMgDBl5XGs/s640/metropolis-2.png" width="550" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DcMwdDW6lgw/VfKxYPUGB8I/AAAAAAABbcg/9KDbQ00MUjQ/s1600/rotwang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="484" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DcMwdDW6lgw/VfKxYPUGB8I/AAAAAAABbcg/9KDbQ00MUjQ/s640/rotwang.jpg" width="550" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OnaIYITLgBg/VfKrkVLyCII/AAAAAAABbbI/KGVLSgafHRI/s1600/Lokis_Gez%25C3%25BCcht.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="476" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OnaIYITLgBg/VfKrkVLyCII/AAAAAAABbbI/KGVLSgafHRI/s640/Lokis_Gez%25C3%25BCcht.jpg" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
Årle ell i dagars hell———-early in the days end<br />
enn veit ravnen om eg fell———--still the raven knows if I fall<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vWyAudjiR8g/VfKuYdZRBmI/AAAAAAABbcU/ZCjn1-dlhRM/s1600/hel_and_ullr_by_feralkin-d4l5fcc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vWyAudjiR8g/VfKuYdZRBmI/AAAAAAABbcU/ZCjn1-dlhRM/s640/hel_and_ullr_by_feralkin-d4l5fcc.jpg" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
Når du ved Helgrindi står ———When you stand by the Gate of Death<br />
og når du laus deg må riva——-And you have to tear free<br />
skal eg fylgje deg————--I shall follow you<br />
over Gjallarbrua med min song——--across the Resounding Bridge with my song<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-e0bYJ-OiMfs/VfKr4Enmp9I/AAAAAAABbbQ/sFrJ-ZGvrXE/s1600/Ragnarok%2BI%2BSkoll%2Bchasing%2Bthe%2Bsun%2BHati%2Bchasing%2Bthe%2Bmoon%2Band%2BFenrir%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bcenter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-e0bYJ-OiMfs/VfKr4Enmp9I/AAAAAAABbbQ/sFrJ-ZGvrXE/s640/Ragnarok%2BI%2BSkoll%2Bchasing%2Bthe%2Bsun%2BHati%2Bchasing%2Bthe%2Bmoon%2Band%2BFenrir%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bcenter.jpg" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
Du blir løyst frå banda som bind deg!——--You will be free from the bonds that
bind you!<br />
Du er løyst frå banda som batt deg!——--You are free from the bonds that bound
that you!*<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7JriAnfmeQ8/VfKsT18K3eI/AAAAAAABbbg/0kegelvHcBM/s1600/on_the_way_to_niflheim_by_j_humphries-d5w9ccp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="574" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7JriAnfmeQ8/VfKsT18K3eI/AAAAAAABbbg/0kegelvHcBM/s640/on_the_way_to_niflheim_by_j_humphries-d5w9ccp.jpg" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
Quote from Håvamål -- The High Ones Speech, Poetic Edda<br />
<br />
Døyr fe, døyr frender—————-Cattle die, kinsmen die<br />
Døyr sjølv det sama————--You yourself will also die<br />
men ordet om deg aldreg døyr———but the word about you will never die<br />
vinn du et gjetord gjevt————--if you win a good reputation<br />
Døyr fe, døyr frender ————--Cattle die, kinsmen die<br />
Døyr sjølv det sama—————-You yourself will also die<br />
Eg veit et som aldreg døyr———I know one that never dies<br />
dom om daudan kvar———-the reputation of those who died<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sw-tkERfYAc/VfK5XAntiZI/AAAAAAABbdM/LsI8I5wLIe8/s1600/ygdrasil.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sw-tkERfYAc/VfK5XAntiZI/AAAAAAABbdM/LsI8I5wLIe8/s640/ygdrasil.gif" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DA7UbbBbpKI/VfKsEeijmGI/AAAAAAABbbY/SoY9PCLH6mY/s1600/die-edda-nordische-mythologie-und-epos-vollstaendige-deutsche-ausgabe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="550" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DA7UbbBbpKI/VfKsEeijmGI/AAAAAAABbbY/SoY9PCLH6mY/s640/die-edda-nordische-mythologie-und-epos-vollstaendige-deutsche-ausgabe.jpg" width="550" /></a></div>
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LgmGw3Fpy6c/VfKtLHrM_gI/AAAAAAABbcA/Q1feB_DN6fU/s1600/Cosmogoniaglacial.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="422" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LgmGw3Fpy6c/VfKtLHrM_gI/AAAAAAABbcA/Q1feB_DN6fU/s640/Cosmogoniaglacial.jpg" width="550" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lz-WL7AoAYk/VfKtLKYRzdI/AAAAAAABbb8/kTKW8HLHk-g/s1600/lake_of_ice.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="550" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lz-WL7AoAYk/VfKtLKYRzdI/AAAAAAABbb8/kTKW8HLHk-g/s640/lake_of_ice.jpg" width="550" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XIDQxcIhExc/VfKtK2AukkI/AAAAAAABbb4/ekcI-piJa1U/s1600/tumblr_lfz3iv7eKh1qc6yuho1_500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="502" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XIDQxcIhExc/VfKtK2AukkI/AAAAAAABbb4/ekcI-piJa1U/s640/tumblr_lfz3iv7eKh1qc6yuho1_500.jpg" width="550" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qMQASIm4oNg/VfKz-BpOLeI/AAAAAAABbc8/jvDhif_0Dmg/s1600/b465.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="30" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qMQASIm4oNg/VfKz-BpOLeI/AAAAAAABbc8/jvDhif_0Dmg/s640/b465.jpg" width="550" /></a></div>
‘Remember me,
I remember you.
Love me,
I love you’.
José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-27074341249419298482015-03-29T14:02:00.000+02:002015-03-29T14:02:22.539+02:00The Genius Of The Crowd by Charles Bukowski <div class="poem-part continue-reading poem-body wordwrap">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hTyBEPonexY/VRfpIDu-mmI/AAAAAAABW-8/aG0SxLvpufo/s1600/342112543f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hTyBEPonexY/VRfpIDu-mmI/AAAAAAABW-8/aG0SxLvpufo/s1600/342112543f.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
there is enough treachery, hatred violence absurdity in the average<br />
human being to supply any given army on any given day<br />
<br />
and the best at murder are those who preach against it<br />
and the best at hate are those who preach love<br />
and the best at war finally are those who preach peace<br />
<br />
those who preach god, need god<br />
those who preach peace do not have peace<br />
those who preach peace do not have love<br />
<br />
beware the preachers<br />
beware the knowers<br />
beware those who are always reading books<br />
beware those who either detest poverty<br />
or are proud of it<br />
beware those quick to praise<br />
for they need praise in return<br />
beware those who are quick to censor<br />
they are afraid of what they do not know<br />
beware those who seek constant crowds for<br />
they are nothing alone<br />
beware the average man the average woman<br />
beware their love, their love is average<br />
seeks average<br />
<br />
but there is genius in their hatred<br />
there is enough genius in their hatred to kill you<br />
to kill anybody<br />
not wanting solitude<br />
not understanding solitude<br />
they will attempt to destroy anything<br />
that differs from their own<br />
not being able to create art<br />
they will not understand art<br />
they will consider their failure as creators<br />
only as a failure of the world<br />
not being able to love fully<br />
they will believe your love incomplete<br />
and then they will hate you<br />
and their hatred will be perfect<br />
<br />
like a shining diamond<br />
like a knife<br />
like a mountain<br />
like a tiger<br />
like hemlock<br />
<br />
their finest art<br />
</div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="550" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gifEn61dZBc?feature=player_detailpage" width="550"></iframe>José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-33250405106451803182015-03-17T11:22:00.000+01:002015-03-17T11:22:30.153+01:00In Memoriam R. Buckminster Fuller 1895-1983 Herman Kahn 1922-1983<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>DE</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:DoNotOptimizeForBrowser/>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:none;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 396.45pt; mso-element-frame-width: 360.95pt; mso-element-left: 117.4pt; mso-element-top: 262.3pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="height: 529px; width: 481px;" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="529" style="padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 396.45pt; mso-element-frame-width: 360.95pt; mso-element-left: 117.4pt; mso-element-top: 262.3pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Oa5aXplTweo/VQfqP_LwLOI/AAAAAAABV2c/zBPvG1OfBYg/s1600/01_00826793.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Oa5aXplTweo/VQfqP_LwLOI/AAAAAAABV2c/zBPvG1OfBYg/s1600/01_00826793.jpg" height="422" width="500" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">The passing of Buckminster Fuller and Herman
Kahn deprived us, within one month, of two remarkable minds, communicators,
and technological optimists. They came from very different backgrounds:
Fuller the fifth generation of his New England family to go to Harvard, Kahn
the son of East European immigrants living in Bayonne, New Jersey. Fuller
became an influential inventor, architect, futurist, and poet; Kahn a
physicist, systems analyst, and futurist. Fuller gave forecasters the concept
of energy slaves, Kahn offered the multifold trend. Both saw technology as
the means to bring wealth and a good life to every future inhabitant of
spaceship Earth. And both had the rare ability to stimulate and inspire—and
this will be most sorely missed.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 396.45pt; mso-element-frame-width: 360.95pt; mso-element-left: 117.4pt; mso-element-top: 262.3pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 396.45pt; mso-element-frame-width: 360.95pt; mso-element-left: 117.4pt; mso-element-top: 262.3pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">I had the great pleasure of knowing Herman
Kahn personally and was invariably astounded by his incredibly fast and
brilliant mind. I always felt his tongue had difficulty keeping pace with his
brain. He tried to talk rapidly to close the gap—the result was that the
uninitiated often found him hard to understand.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 396.45pt; mso-element-frame-width: 360.95pt; mso-element-left: 117.4pt; mso-element-top: 262.3pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 396.45pt; mso-element-frame-width: 360.95pt; mso-element-left: 117.4pt; mso-element-top: 262.3pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Herman was at the RAND Corporation in its days
of glory—the strategic weapons analyst <span class="BodytextItalic">par
excellence.</span> He was once labeled the Mort Sahl of national strategy. By
1960, he was blossoming into a global futurist and formed his own think
tank—the Hudson Institute. Herman on the Hudson grew a beard and assumed the
appearance of an ancient prophet (or at least the Ancient Mariner).
Paradoxically, he appealed to the establishment elders (government and
industry) with his espousal of nuclear strength and economic growth, while
the patrician Fuller attracted the antiestablishment types (hippies in the 1960s,
environmentalists in the 1970s) with his Dymaxion map and geodesic dome.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 396.45pt; mso-element-frame-width: 360.95pt; mso-element-left: 117.4pt; mso-element-top: 262.3pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 396.45pt; mso-element-frame-width: 360.95pt; mso-element-left: 117.4pt; mso-element-top: 262.3pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LTuwm5Yv7P8/VQfqW8jUkUI/AAAAAAABV2k/Rlwm8KQgo1s/s1600/4f092719b1d246cde7dee2c2927dd9f4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LTuwm5Yv7P8/VQfqW8jUkUI/AAAAAAABV2k/Rlwm8KQgo1s/s1600/4f092719b1d246cde7dee2c2927dd9f4.jpg" height="640" width="500" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Kahn’s first book, <span class="BodytextItalic">On
Thermonuclear War,</span> did not make him appear to many as an optimist. But
it did bring him to international prominence. James R. Newman, an editor of
the <span class="BodytextItalic">Scientific American,</span> called it “a moral
tract on mass murder.” Here is an excerpt from Newman’s memorable review:</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 396.45pt; mso-element-frame-width: 360.95pt; mso-element-left: 117.4pt; mso-element-top: 262.3pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext20" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 4.3pt; margin-left: 22.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 396.45pt; mso-element-frame-width: 360.95pt; mso-element-left: 117.4pt; mso-element-top: 262.3pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Is
there really a Herman Kahn? It is hard to believe: Doubts cross one’s mind
almost from the first page of this deplorable book: no one could write like
this; no one could think like this. Perhaps the whole thing is a staff hoax
in bad taste. . . . This evil and tenebrous book, with its loose-lipped
pieties and its hayfoot-strawfoot logic, is permeated with a blood-thirsty
irrationality such as I have not seen in my years of reading.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext20" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 4.3pt; margin-left: 22.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 396.45pt; mso-element-frame-width: 360.95pt; mso-element-left: 117.4pt; mso-element-top: 262.3pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 396.45pt; mso-element-frame-width: 360.95pt; mso-element-left: 117.4pt; mso-element-top: 262.3pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Even within RAND there was strong reaction.
Richard Bellman was impelled to write to the <span class="BodytextItalic">Washington
Post</span> that “I myself do not have these troglodytic, apocalyptic visions
of Kahn.” </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>DE</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:DoNotOptimizeForBrowser/>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:none;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" style="height: 720px; width: 482px;" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="720" style="padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Twenty-two years later, Herman produced <span class="BodytextItalic">The Coming Boom;</span> it does not refer to a nuclear
holocaust but to America’s economic rebirth.<sup>1</sup> He leaves us with a
vision of a happy future:</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext20" style="background: transparent; line-height: 9.85pt; margin-bottom: 6.7pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Unless my
prognostications are disastrously wrong, a revitalized America—revitalized in
terms of traditional values, of world-wide status and influence, and of
citizenship and morale, as well as of economic improvement—seems to me very
probable, and with sensible social and economic policies, a near certainty.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 9.0pt; margin-bottom: 2.35pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Economist Herbert Stein, in his review of this
work, concludes:</span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 9.0pt; margin-bottom: 2.35pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext20" style="background: transparent; line-height: 9.85pt; margin-bottom: 4.5pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Kahn’s
purpose goes beyond objective, value-free analysis and prediction. His
purpose is also inspiration and prescription. He </span><span class="Bodytext2ItalicSpacing0pt"><span lang="EN-US">wants</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> the world to come out the way he describes
{wealthier, better, and happier}. He believes, certainly correctly, that the
probability will be greater if certain policies are followed. . . . He is in
the position of the Redskins coach trying to inspire his players to believe
that they can win, as well as instructing them on how to do it. Moreover,
this inspiration can work. . . . </span><span class="Bodytext2ItalicSpacing0pt"><span lang="EN-US">[Fortune,</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> October 4, 1982].</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kkiN501lJiQ/VQf6L6sHCDI/AAAAAAABV24/bITTE8NcPaU/s1600/21a6ab31d5a32da9e5e64d763ab2e5ec.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kkiN501lJiQ/VQf6L6sHCDI/AAAAAAABV24/bITTE8NcPaU/s1600/21a6ab31d5a32da9e5e64d763ab2e5ec.jpg" height="640" width="500" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Bodytext20" style="background: transparent; line-height: 9.85pt; margin-bottom: 4.5pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Kahn’s favorite analysis tool after leaving
RAND seemed to be list-making. Alternative futures, new social classes, and
ideologies were described with machine-gun like bursts of words and phrases,
i.e., checklists. Another “tool” he used with devastating effect was his wit.
He could announce to a Congressional Subcommittee that “man has been on the
earth a million years, and I’ve studied every one of them.” He could talk
about cloning Herman Kahn and admit that his wife did not think the world
could stand two Hermans. He had a gift for the clever word or
phrase—“educated incapacity,” “thinking the unthinkable,” “C<sup>4</sup>I<sup>2</sup>
systems,” “the Japanese century,” etc.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Woe to him who would attempt to argue with the
master after one of his presentations! No one could best Herman in debate.
Like John F. Kennedy, he loved to perform in front of an audience, confident
of his superior oneupmanship. In matching wits, he was intensely democratic,
willing to take on college students as well as corporate leaders, liberally
giving of his time to all.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">He has enriched and nettled us, he has
challenged and entertained us. He could be outrageous, but his <span class="BodytextItalic">shtick</span> was never, ever dull.</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Herman, we salute you with a list:</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">H. Kahn</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">dazzling intellect</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">fearless iconoclast</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">fascinating showman</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">anti-new class establishmentarian</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">middle class with traditional values</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">true democrat</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">nuclear use theorist</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Talmudist manque</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">“have 300 slides, will travel”</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">friend</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 252.0pt; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-height: 539.65pt; mso-element-frame-width: 361.45pt; mso-element-left: 117.8pt; mso-element-top: 141.8pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> HAROLD A. LINSTONE <span class="BodytextItalic">Senior
Editor</span></span><br />
<br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:none;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-left: 116.65pt; mso-element-top: 118.35pt; mso-element-wrap: none; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<b>In: TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE 24, 181-182 (1983)
</b>José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-56994986977297719202015-03-12T13:28:00.000+01:002015-03-12T13:28:58.212+01:00The Russian Cosmists by Giulio Prisco<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XqbCiLhZAE8/VQF45LZI8zI/AAAAAAABVZg/p3yUZb4byiw/s1600/cosmism2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XqbCiLhZAE8/VQF45LZI8zI/AAAAAAABVZg/p3yUZb4byiw/s1600/cosmism2.jpg" height="330" width="550" /></a></div>
Now a film, “Knocking on Heaven’s Door,” by George Carey, and a book, “<i>The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers</i>,” by George M. Young, make Russian Cosmism much more accessible to a Western audience.<br />
<br />
The Russian Cosmist scientific, philosophical, and spiritual movement
of the late 19th and early 20th century, was not well known in the West
until recently. Most Cosmist writings are not available in other
languages, and many aspects of Cosmist thinking were frowned upon in the
Soviet era before 1991. Though Russian Cosmism is one of my main
inspirations and one of the foundations of my own worldview, I am unable
to read the original texts because I don’t speak Russian. Fortunately,
there are more and more popular and scholarly works dedicated to Russian
Cosmism. Now a film, “Knocking on Heaven’s Door,” [Carey 2011] by
George Carey, and a book, “<i>The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers</i>,” [Young 2012] by George M. Young, make Cosmism much more accessible to a Western audience.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sZzIAEXgMjs/VQF5A0rxkfI/AAAAAAABVZo/ayEEk0cs7pM/s1600/41pP%2BL1048L._SY344_BO1%2C204%2C203%2C200_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sZzIAEXgMjs/VQF5A0rxkfI/AAAAAAABVZo/ayEEk0cs7pM/s1600/41pP%2BL1048L._SY344_BO1%2C204%2C203%2C200_.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
I recommend watching George Carey‘s film “Knocking on Heaven’s Door,”
aired by the BBC on the 50th “Yuri’s Night,” 50 years after Yuri
Gagarin’s pioneering flight to space, to all those who are interested in
space, the history of the Russian space program, the amazing beautiful
philosophy known as Russian Cosmism, our place and future in the
universe, technological immortality, and resurrection.<br />
<br />
The film captures the popular enthusiasm for space in the Soviet
Union of the 60s. We had the same enthusiasm in the West at the time,
and God knows we could use it now, all over the planet.<br />
I think we can look, again, at the Cosmist philosophy to renew our
enthusiasm and drive with beautiful and energizing cosmic visions, and
to remember that wonderful adventures are waiting for us in outer space.
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, the founding father of astronautics, was a
brilliant scientist and engineer, but his motivation and drive came from
his philosophical convictions, his belief in humanity’s destiny to
leave the Earth and colonize the universe, and his vision of a deep
unity between man and the cosmos.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mfdyFNLtDf4/VQGC0xtlEeI/AAAAAAABVa8/uwClVfg6JWY/s1600/outer%2Bspace%2Brussia%2Bussr%2Blaika%2Bspaceman%2Byuri%2Bgagarin%2B1920x1200%2Bwallpaper_www.artwallpaperhi.com_40.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mfdyFNLtDf4/VQGC0xtlEeI/AAAAAAABVa8/uwClVfg6JWY/s1600/outer%2Bspace%2Brussia%2Bussr%2Blaika%2Bspaceman%2Byuri%2Bgagarin%2B1920x1200%2Bwallpaper_www.artwallpaperhi.com_40.jpg" height="398" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
Today, following the Cosmist tradition, Russia has a lively
transhumanist community and Singularity scene, with the only operational
cryonics facility not in the U.S., and the Global Futures 2045
conferences dedicated to immortality and mind uploading.<br />
Carey’s film features Gagarin, Russian scientists and space
engineers, Tsiolkovsky and many other Cosmist thinkers, but the real
protagonist is Tsiolkovsky’s mentor, the Cosmist mystic Nikolai Fedorov.
He was one of the first modern thinkers who dared to suggest that, some
day, science and technology may be able to resurrect the dead and bring
back to life every person who ever lived.<br />
Fedorov suggested that science was a tool given to us by God to
enable us to resurrect the dead and, as promised, enjoy immortal life.
He added that because the Earth could not sustain a population that
never died, we must first learn to conquer space. His ideas about human
evolution, and in particular the idea that humans should take control of
the process and direct it towards their own goals, inspired generations
of Russian scientists and led directly to contemporary transhumanism.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FzLvU-eltq0/VQF7X8SmJlI/AAAAAAABVZ0/ZXLdfOd4qtA/s1600/Nikolay_Fedorov_1988.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FzLvU-eltq0/VQF7X8SmJlI/AAAAAAABVZ0/ZXLdfOd4qtA/s1600/Nikolay_Fedorov_1988.jpg" height="442" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
Fedorov thought that the physical resurrection is to be brought about
by restoring the body to a condition that existed prior to death. A
person is made up of atoms, and when a person dies these (finitely many)
particles are scattered. Resurrection of the person occurs as a
consequence of restoring the atoms to their previous arrangement. To
carry out the resurrection it is necessary to determine what this
arrangement was and then to reposition the particles. This is a problem
to be solved by science rather than by appeals to an outside power.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sLS_JnZvBbU/VQF7e9aDX-I/AAAAAAABVZ8/_xp8p5frwvU/s1600/tumblr_meh533Gibw1r70t2xo1_1280.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sLS_JnZvBbU/VQF7e9aDX-I/AAAAAAABVZ8/_xp8p5frwvU/s1600/tumblr_meh533Gibw1r70t2xo1_1280.jpg" height="458" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
His resurrection theory reflects 19th-century models of the universe
and seems naive today. New technological resurrection theories based on
contemporary science have been proposed, for example by R. Michael Perry
[Perry 2000] and Frank Tipler [Tipler 1994]. But Perry’s and Tipler’s
approaches, and mine, will probably seem equally naive to future
scientists. Fedorov must be credited for the idea of technological
resurrection, and we, his followers, are happy to see that many people
are warming up to his vision. Following Fedorov, future scientists will
scan the fabric of spacetime to find the dead, and bring them back to
life.<br />
<br />
Of course the super-science of technological resurrection, perhaps
based on weird quantum physics (the term “Quantum Archeology” is often
used), may not be developed until a very far future, perhaps thousands
of years. But why hurry? To us, subjectively, no time will pass between
death and resurrection. In the meantime, the Cosmist philosophy can give
us the positive, solar optimism that we need.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UKljNf9FGys/VQGCVH12UaI/AAAAAAABVa4/haHxHuEm2Fk/s1600/Yuri%2BDetail%2B-%2BTyler%2BJacobson.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UKljNf9FGys/VQGCVH12UaI/AAAAAAABVa4/haHxHuEm2Fk/s1600/Yuri%2BDetail%2B-%2BTyler%2BJacobson.png" height="462" width="550" /></a></div>
Yuri Detail -by Tyler Jacobson<br />
<a href="http://blog.directoryofillustration.com/author/tyler-jacobson/page/6/">http://blog.directoryofillustration.com/author/tyler-jacobson/page/6/</a><br />
<br />
Nikolay Fedorov was the illegitimate son of a Russian nobleman called
Gagarin – Pavel Gagarin, Fedorov’s father, was not related to Yuri
Gagarin the first cosmonaut, but this is an interesting coincidence to
say the least. The film shows many aspects and protagonists of the the
Russian space program and the young Soviet icon and folk hero Yuri
Gagarin, but it’s centered on Fedorov’s ideas and legacy. In his “cosmic
garden” Valery Borisov, a colorful Cosmist with a cowboy attire and an
encyclopedic knowledge of Fedorov’s life and times, explains Fedorov’s
ideas in a nutshell:<br />
<blockquote>
“Fedorov believed that science must help realize God’s
plan for man’s salvation and for the resurrection of mankind. Christ
said: what I have created, you must create too – and go further. What
was it that Christ did? He rose from the dead. Literally, Christ was
telling us to accomplish our own resurrection. Not to wait for some
mystical event but to meet God halfway. Fedorov said if we resurrect
everybody, they won’t all fit on Earth. And he said wisely: ‘In the
Cosmos, abodes aplenty will appear.’ That’s why we need the Cosmos. The
Cosmos offers empty planets where resurrected people will settle, and
from there, direct the workings of the universe.”</blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wSBhZZyB0PQ/VQF-nO4FHVI/AAAAAAABVaI/-FZlWZZH0KY/s1600/Volition-of-the-Cosmos.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wSBhZZyB0PQ/VQF-nO4FHVI/AAAAAAABVaI/-FZlWZZH0KY/s1600/Volition-of-the-Cosmos.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
The cover of the book "The Will of the Universe. Intellect Unknown. Mind and Passions" by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, 1928<br />
<br />
We follow Carey to ISRICA, the Institute for Scientific Research in
Cosmic Anthropoecology in Novosibirsk, and follow experimental sessions
in a “Kozyrev Mirror” built to test the controversial theories of
astrophysicist Nikolai Kozyrev – technology aided meditation may unlock
the latent shaman in us, and let us communicate with the Cosmos. This
part of the film shows the strong spiritual, New Age component of
Cosmism, strongly emphasized by many Cosmist thinkers, but condemned by
the Soviet regime. On the opposite side of the Cosmist galaxy, Danila
Medvedev, the young transhumanist director of the cryonics provided
Kriorus, proposes a hardline materialistic approach to immortality,
based on advanced technologies and mind uploading, with no concessions
to spirituality.<br />
<br />
Young’s book, “<i>The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers</i>,”
[Young 2012], is a very intense mini encyclopedia with a lot of short
biographical, literary and philosophical entries about main and lesser
known Cosmist thinkers, all influenced by Fedorov’s seminal work.
Fedorov himself published almost nothing, but his most important works
were collected by his followers and published after his death as “<i>The Philosophy of the Common Task</i>”
[Fedorov 1990]. The author George M. Young, a professor of Russian
language and literature, dedicated decades of research to this book, a
complete and authoritative reference that, I hope, will make Cosmism
much better known in the Western world.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-w8FKw9ahYS4/VQF_4ZgXDDI/AAAAAAABVaU/ZictJfYwM40/s1600/cosmic_voyage_02_1311138420_crop_470x263.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-w8FKw9ahYS4/VQF_4ZgXDDI/AAAAAAABVaU/ZictJfYwM40/s1600/cosmic_voyage_02_1311138420_crop_470x263.jpg" height="358" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
Young emphasizes the Russianness of Cosmism, the vastness of Russian
land and history as a unique stage for the emergence of a system of
thought so vast and daring to encompass both science and religion in a
synergistic whole. The Russian cultural identity is part of the common
ground that holds Cosmism together.<br />
<br />
Surprisingly, even Soviet bureaucrats were intrigued by Fedorov’s ideas on technological resurrection:<br />
<blockquote>
“Revolutionary immortality meant that individuals would
die, but The People for whom the individual died would live on forever,
and through inevitable progress in science and labor, The People of the
future would eventually restore life to the sacrificed individuals…
Lenin, waiting in his glass coffin, would be the first resurrected by
science.”</blockquote>
Like Carey, Young shows the diversity of the Cosmist galaxy, and the
many co-existing scientific, philosophical, religious, spiritual, as
well as esoteric, shamanistic, gnostic approaches:<br />
<blockquote>
“Main themes in Cosmist thought include the active human
role in human and cosmic evolution; the creation of new life forms,
including a new level of humanity; the unlimited extension of human
longevity to a state of practical immortality; the physical resurrection
of the dead; serious scientific research into matters long considered
subjects fit only for science fiction, occult, and esoteric literature;
the exploration and colonization of the entire cosmos; the emergence on
our biosphere of a new sphere of human thought called the ‘noosphere';
and other far reaching ‘projects:’ some of which may no longer seem as
impossible or crazy as they did when first proposed in the late
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.”</blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tF2ihdI9mCc/VQF_-9NcRjI/AAAAAAABVac/TTQw5gM3jPg/s1600/astronaut_01_cosmos_300dpi-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tF2ihdI9mCc/VQF_-9NcRjI/AAAAAAABVac/TTQw5gM3jPg/s1600/astronaut_01_cosmos_300dpi-1.jpg" height="360" width="550" /></a></div>
Anton Vidokle, film still from “This is Cosmos” (2014) (courtesy of the artist)<br />
<br />
In her introduction to a valuable anthology of Cosmist thought
published in I993, contemporary Cosmist Svetlana Semenova identifies the
core Cosmist idea, active evolution:<br />
<blockquote>
“[The] idea of active evolution, i.e., the necessity for a
new conscious stage of development of the world, when humanity directs
it on a course which reason and moral feeling determine, when man takes,
so to say, the wheel of evolution into his own hands …. Man, for
actively evolutionary thinkers, is a being in transition, in the process
of growing, far from complete, but also consciously creative, called
upon to overcome not only the outer world but also his own inner
nature.”</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0lOPqUfqUUY/VQGBcR-I9gI/AAAAAAABVaw/RtXm21KdcWE/s1600/54677.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0lOPqUfqUUY/VQGBcR-I9gI/AAAAAAABVaw/RtXm21KdcWE/s1600/54677.jpg" height="640" width="412" /></a></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Active evolution, taking the future of our species in our hands and
steering it toward cosmic transcendence, is also the core idea of
transhumanism, of which the Russian Cosmists must be considered as
direct precursors. Critics say that active evolution is “against God’s
will,” but the Cosmist insight is that, on the contrary, radical active
evolution IS God’s will. One of Fedorov’s favorite Bible passages was:
‘Truly, truly I say to you, he who believes in me will also do the works
that I do; and greater works than those will he do.’ (John 14:12, RSV).
Young refers to “Fedorov’s active, forceful, masculine Christianity” – a
Christianity of action, to become more like God.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--CQGD3G7WVs/VQGBUsmzXrI/AAAAAAABVao/8DdzCwGv0ns/s1600/0_70b85_19f8670b_XL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--CQGD3G7WVs/VQGBUsmzXrI/AAAAAAABVao/8DdzCwGv0ns/s1600/0_70b85_19f8670b_XL.jpg" height="480" width="500" /></a></div>
<br />
<b>References</b><br />
Carey, George (2011). “Knocking on Heaven’s Door – Space Race.” <i>Storyville</i>. BBC. Web. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0109ccb>.<br />
Fedorov, N. F., Elisabeth Koutaissoff, and Marilyn Minto (1990). <i>What Was Man Created For?: The Philosophy of the Common Task : Selected Works</i>. London: Honeyglen, 1990.<br />
Young, George M. (2012). <i>The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers</i>. New York: Oxford UP, 2012.<br />
Perry, R. Michael (2000). <i>Forever for All: Moral Philosophy, Cryonics, and the Scientific Prospects for Immortality</i>. Universal Publishers, 2000.<br />
Tipler, Frank J. (1994). <i>The Physics of Immortality</i>. New York: Random House, 1994.<br />
<br />
Source: <a href="http://turingchurch.com/2014/01/01/the-russian-cosmists/">http://turingchurch.com/2014/01/01/the-russian-cosmists/</a><br />
<br />
See also on Urania: <a href="http://urania-josegalisifilho.blogspot.de/2013/04/the-orbital-suprematist-machine-all.html">http://urania-josegalisifilho.blogspot.de/2013/04/the-orbital-suprematist-machine-all.html</a><br />
<br />
My interview with the Russian cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev: <a href="http://urania-josegalisifilho.blogspot.de/2013/04/the-orbital-suprematist-machine-all.html">http://urania-josegalisifilho.blogspot.de/2013/04/the-orbital-suprematist-machine-all.html</a><br />
<br />
See also:<br />
<a href="http://www.erartagalleries.com/news/item/russian-cosmism-modern-contemporary-art-exhibition-and-auction-at-erarta-galleries-london.html">Russian Cosmism: Modern and Contemporary Art Exhibition and Auction at Erarta Galleries London</a><br />
Interview with Maxim Boxer, curator of the exhibitionin London: <br />
<a href="http://www.studiointernational.com/index.php/maxim-boxer-interview"> http://www.studiointernational.com/index.php/maxim-boxer-interview</a>José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-35400766720106232642015-02-24T10:10:00.001+01:002015-02-24T10:10:46.336+01:00How Do We Know What We Know About Science? by Betty Kelly, special for Urania<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>DE</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DcttOpmvYho/VOw5IMv07YI/AAAAAAABUsM/ft3t4P_Sbw4/s1600/n-NEIL-DEGRASSE-TYSON-COSMOS-large570.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DcttOpmvYho/VOw5IMv07YI/AAAAAAABUsM/ft3t4P_Sbw4/s1600/n-NEIL-DEGRASSE-TYSON-COSMOS-large570.jpg" height="266" width="550" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the
modern world, a certain level of scientific literacy is important for
understanding the latest discoveries in climate change, genetics, information
technology, and other fields that have a direct bearing upon the lives of
millions of people. However, there are many people within the United States who
are effectively unable to grasp the concepts involved in scientific discovery.
According to study </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/view/407346/216-million-americans-are-scientifically-illiterate-part-i/"><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">published in the MIT
Technology Review</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, only 28 percent of Americans are
“scientifically literate.”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
ability to understand scientific concepts is important for the overall vitality
and well-being of a civilization. The Islamic world was an early leader in
science during the Golden Age of Arabic </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/how-the-decline-of-muslim-scientific-thought-still-haunts"><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">beginning around the year 800</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. After several hundred years
of producing wondrous scientific achievements, such as charting the stars and
inventing mechanical water clocks, a growing climate of religious intolerance
towards the scientific enterprise doomed much of the Muslim world to becoming a
technological backwater. Similarly, the fall of Rome caused many discoveries to
be lost for nearly a thousand years and precipitated what is known today as the
“Dark Ages” in Europe: a time of superstition and low standards of living.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Likely
due, in part, to prevent a similar fate from befalling us, several public
figures have come forth. These individuals attempt to make the often-dry and
technical aspects of science accessible to the general public. Modern
techniques used for communicating science to the masses include television programs,
interviews, podcasts and popular social media channels.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aF3Ehg6MqLE/VOw5ivF65vI/AAAAAAABUsU/opuAjtftPSY/s1600/sagan_tyson.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aF3Ehg6MqLE/VOw5ivF65vI/AAAAAAABUsU/opuAjtftPSY/s1600/sagan_tyson.png" height="500" width="550" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Carl
Sagan, perhaps the most charismatic astrophysicist who ever lived, was one of
the early leaders in this type of science communication. Sagan was not only an
effective communicator but also a top-rate scientist with more than 600
published scientific papers to his name. In 1980, his <i>Cosmos</i> television
series was broadcast and captured the imagination of millions who were
entranced by the broad and beautiful vistas of the natural universe as portrayed
by Sagan. He wrote many scientific books for lay audiences, including </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/1816628-a-pale-blue-dot"><i><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pale Blue Dot</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and the novel </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/61666.Contact"><i><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contact</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, which was later turned into a
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://urania-josegalisifilho.blogspot.com/2012/09/contact-1997-with-jodie-foster.html"><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">major motion picture</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It can
be said that the most notable present-day counterpart to Sagan is Neil deGrasse
Tyson, astronomer and cosmologist. He is the director of the </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/"><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hayden Planetarium</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in New York City and also
works for the American Museum of Natural History. For anyone who saw last
year’s </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/04/science/space/a-successor-to-sagan-reboots-cosmos.html?_r=0"><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">reboot of the <i>Cosmos</i>
program</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, it’s clear that Sagan’s influence on the starry-eyed Tyson
went far beyond their one-time </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2014/04/carl-sagan-writes-a-letter-to-17-year-old-neil-degrasse-tyson-1975.html"><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">meeting on Cornell’s campus</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Sagan’s personal beliefs in
the cultural power of space and space travel were also reflected in Tyson’s </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNxnCzz5oQE"><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">speech</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> as the Keynote presenter at
the 2013 National Space Symposium. </span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ESeNw9wE6TA/VOw8CElDcQI/AAAAAAABUtA/vmreq_XkoEQ/s1600/0964120a2f4d5a1e09dd90908c70d18e.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ESeNw9wE6TA/VOw8CElDcQI/AAAAAAABUtA/vmreq_XkoEQ/s1600/0964120a2f4d5a1e09dd90908c70d18e.jpg" height="550" width="480" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Commenting
of the consequences of space exploration insofar as their effect on America’s
intellectual health is concerned, he said:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So what
are the current problems here in America? Not in other parts of the world. Our
economy is in the toilet. Hardly anyone is interested in the STEM fields,
meanwhile our best minds are going overseas. Politicians are pretty sure they
have a solution to that, let’s get better science teachers, how about our jobs
going overseas, how’s about moving some tariffs and contracts? People are not
innovating so we put money in innovative initiatives. There things are all band
aids people. They don't work. </span></i><br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-obNpsmVlmLY/VOw8ZBO9oVI/AAAAAAABUtI/ZAoCrXKR7Xg/s1600/e1cebbf6dbb00154fb8c3ecc72ea260e.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-obNpsmVlmLY/VOw8ZBO9oVI/AAAAAAABUtI/ZAoCrXKR7Xg/s1600/e1cebbf6dbb00154fb8c3ecc72ea260e.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proposing
a doubling of NASA’s budget, he continued, saying:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Whatever
the motives, be they geopolitical, military, economic, space becomes the
frontier, and you know every week that some new innovation is going to be
proposed, new patents are going to accepted. Space is exciting. These
innovations make headlines, and these articles filter down the educational
pipeline, everybody in school knows about it. You don't have to set up programs
to convince people that being an engineer is cool, they will know it just by
the cultural presence of those activities. </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You do
that it will jump start our dreams. And you know that innovation drives
economies, especially true since the industrial revolution.</span></i><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Qg4e-smAwv8/VOw8geFq5dI/AAAAAAABUtQ/ukDsbEch42A/s1600/bb6d0acb65e136390216a5b3253858b3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Qg4e-smAwv8/VOw8geFq5dI/AAAAAAABUtQ/ukDsbEch42A/s1600/bb6d0acb65e136390216a5b3253858b3.jpg" height="576" width="550" /></a></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Convinced
that we’ve stopped dreaming about tomorrow, Tyson argues that NASA is needed
for more than just scientific progress. A national effort to become more
involved in the exploration of the cosmos will, he claims, reinvigorate our
collective culture as well as the economy. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Despite
provoking controversy from certain religious groups, Tyson has also frequently
appeared on popular shows like <i>The Colbert Report</i> to promote the funding
of science and interest in scientific endeavors among the public at large. He
has been a leader in using social media to engage with his fans, with more than
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://twitter.com/neiltyson"><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3 million followers on
Twitter</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bpWFNpe5YKw/VOw54LnoQPI/AAAAAAABUsc/60qyB2S663I/s1600/carlsagan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bpWFNpe5YKw/VOw54LnoQPI/AAAAAAABUsc/60qyB2S663I/s1600/carlsagan.jpg" height="352" width="550" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bill
Nye is another vocal advocate for science in mainstream culture. A former
mechanical engineer at Boeing, Nye hosted a television show called, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.billnye.com/"><i><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bill Nye the Science Guy</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, throughout the '90s. He used
humor and easy-to-replicate experiments to demonstrate to children how
scientific concepts relate to everyday life. Since the conclusion of his show,
Nye has frequently appeared in other shows and series with a scientific bent,
including <i>100 Greatest Discoveries</i> and <i>The Eyes of Nye</i>. In recent
years, Nye has used his stature and popularity to advocate for the reality of
global climate change, encouraging </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://sustainableenergy.org/"><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sustainable </span></a><a href="https://www.directenergyrates.net/"><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">energy</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and the importance of
scientific literacy.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While
it seems impossible to construe better science education as a bad thing, the
aforementioned champions of scientific rationality nevertheless face serious
challenges. Because many of the issues that they care about most are
politically charged, they often encounter opposition from people on the other
side of the facts. This has led some of their adversaries not only to question
the validity of certain views held on specific topics, but overall value of
science and its capacity to illuminate the natural order of the universe.
Additionally, in certain subsets of the population, science is perceived to be
a dull business, only of interest only to “nerds” and other socially
maladjusted individuals.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lnEGV-bgikQ/VOw6uWc9vNI/AAAAAAABUs0/wqRKsBM8p1k/s1600/10408926_786085051461915_5236511511980004973_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lnEGV-bgikQ/VOw6uWc9vNI/AAAAAAABUs0/wqRKsBM8p1k/s1600/10408926_786085051461915_5236511511980004973_n.jpg" height="236" width="550" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It's
clear that understanding facts about the world around us will likely become
even more important as scientific discoveries play an ever-increasing role in
daily affairs. The strength of the United States as a society will hinge on the
ability of the electorate and government officials to enact policies that
promote a better understanding of science and the natural world. Science
communicators therefore have an important role to play in educating the public
on matters that affect every one of us.</span><br />
<br />
<br />Space as Culture by Neil DeGrasse Tyson (Keynote speech at the 28th National Space Symposium) </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="http://urania-josegalisifilho.blogspot.de/2013/10/space-as-culture-by-neil-degrasse-tyson.html">http://urania-josegalisifilho.blogspot.de/2013/10/space-as-culture-by-neil-degrasse-tyson.html</a><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FKxKgUArRVk/VOw6l0iQLdI/AAAAAAABUss/-E9lRdKl_LU/s1600/10929980_837196239684129_4392890542690943182_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FKxKgUArRVk/VOw6l0iQLdI/AAAAAAABUss/-E9lRdKl_LU/s1600/10929980_837196239684129_4392890542690943182_n.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></i></div>
<i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Beth
Kelly is a is a freelance writer from Chicago, IL. A lifelong fan of
Carl Sagan, she has always nurtured a passion for both science and
literature. In her free time, you can find her training for triathlons,
shooting film photography or teaching her pet rabbit new tricks. You can
find her on Twitter at @ bkelly_88 </span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></i>
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.openculture.com/2014/04/carl-sagan-writes-a-letter-to-17-year-old-neil-degrasse-tyson-1975.html">Carl Sagan Writes a Letter to 17-Year-Old Neil deGrasse Tyson (1975)</a><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.openculture.com/2014/04/carl-sagan-writes-a-letter-to-17-year-old-neil-degrasse-tyson-1975.html"></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-plR2-sWQgbg/VOw6fLasQAI/AAAAAAABUsk/y7kRBtPY11I/s1600/jdNby7O.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-plR2-sWQgbg/VOw6fLasQAI/AAAAAAABUsk/y7kRBtPY11I/s1600/jdNby7O.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-79619274913611818052015-02-07T23:38:00.000+01:002015-02-07T23:38:17.946+01:00 A Parting from Max Sebald by Hans Magnus Enzensberger<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GE8grqA3w-Y/VNYI17WfrHI/AAAAAAABTKM/TuW9JsASb4g/s1600/W.G.%2BSebald.jpg"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GE8grqA3w-Y/VNYI17WfrHI/AAAAAAABTKM/TuW9JsASb4g/s1600/W.G.%2BSebald.jpg" width="550" /></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mYss92CTekI/VNYI-8_z2PI/AAAAAAABTKU/jnD6A9O73_s/s1600/%E2%80%9CWords%2Bthat%2Bcome%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bheart%2Bare%2Bnever%2Bspoken%2C%2Bthey%2Bget%2Bcaught%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bthroat%2Band%2Bcan%2Bonly%2Bbe%2Bread%2Bin%2Bones%27s%2Beyes.%E2%80%9D%2BJos%C3%A9%2BSaramago.jpg"><img border="0" height="614" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mYss92CTekI/VNYI-8_z2PI/AAAAAAABTKU/jnD6A9O73_s/s1600/%E2%80%9CWords%2Bthat%2Bcome%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bheart%2Bare%2Bnever%2Bspoken%2C%2Bthey%2Bget%2Bcaught%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bthroat%2Band%2Bcan%2Bonly%2Bbe%2Bread%2Bin%2Bones's%2Beyes.%E2%80%9D%2BJos%C3%A9%2BSaramago.jpg" width="550" /></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K6mC512A7WM/VNYJGibvzMI/AAAAAAABTKc/RF-qMFwq7B8/s1600/22b7c0a83d24d801c2c819e6ed3a2698.jpg"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K6mC512A7WM/VNYJGibvzMI/AAAAAAABTKc/RF-qMFwq7B8/s1600/22b7c0a83d24d801c2c819e6ed3a2698.jpg" width="550" /></a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">ELEGY</a> <br />
<br />
Hans Magnus Enzensberger <br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">A PARTING FROM MAX SEBALD</a><br />
<br />
He who was close to us<br />
from far off seemed to have come<br />
into our uncanny homeland.<br />
Only a searching for traces<br />
with a divining rod of words<br />
that quivered in his hand.<br />
Across conflagration sites<br />
and burying places<br />
he followed it,<br />
through to <i>raving madness </i><br />
<i>on Suffolk heaths</i>.<br />
<i>Is this the promised land?</i><br />
<br />
Earlier the dark had encroached,<br />
but he moved on,<br />
through all those nightmares<br />
undaunted made his way.<br />
<br />
That dust became light for him<br />
we know from three lines alone:<br />
<i>So soundless I glided </i><br />
<i>scarcely stirring a wing </i><br />
<i>high up above the earth . . .</i><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zM4nJgyxVvo/VNYMdwvU8dI/AAAAAAABTKo/KoS1qbb6Mjc/s1600/d80bd3db1996e61394f3d9b2445bffd0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zM4nJgyxVvo/VNYMdwvU8dI/AAAAAAABTKo/KoS1qbb6Mjc/s1600/d80bd3db1996e61394f3d9b2445bffd0.jpg" height="428" width="550" /></a></i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-clywUts9GDk/VNYMsAtD2dI/AAAAAAABTKw/t8MzakCAphQ/s1600/from%2BAusterlitz%2Bby%2BW.G.%2BSebald.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-clywUts9GDk/VNYMsAtD2dI/AAAAAAABTKw/t8MzakCAphQ/s640/from%2BAusterlitz%2Bby%2BW.G.%2BSebald.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
Translated, from the German, by Michael Hamburger.<br />
<br />
An essayist as well as a poet, Hans Magnus Enzensberger is one of Germany’s most important writers.The latest English edition of his nork is Lighter Than Air: Moral Poems, translated by David Constantine (Bloodaxe Books, 2002)<br />
<br />
Source: <i>Irish Pages</i>, Vol. 1, No. 2, The Justice Issue (Autumn - Winter, 2002/2003), p. 136 <!-- Blogger automated replacement: "https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mYss92CTekI/VNYI-8_z2PI/AAAAAAABTKU/jnD6A9O73_s/s1600/%E2%80%9CWords%2Bthat%2Bcome%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bheart%2Bare%2Bnever%2Bspoken%2C%2Bthey%2Bget%2Bcaught%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bthroat%2Band%2Bcan%2Bonly%2Bbe%2Bread%2Bin%2Bones's%2Beyes.%E2%80%9D%2BJos%C3%A9%2BSaramago.jpg" with "https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mYss92CTekI/VNYI-8_z2PI/AAAAAAABTKU/jnD6A9O73_s/s1600/%E2%80%9CWords%2Bthat%2Bcome%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bheart%2Bare%2Bnever%2Bspoken%2C%2Bthey%2Bget%2Bcaught%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bthroat%2Band%2Bcan%2Bonly%2Bbe%2Bread%2Bin%2Bones's%2Beyes.%E2%80%9D%2BJos%C3%A9%2BSaramago.jpg" -->
<!-- Blogger automated replacement: "https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mYss92CTekI/VNYI-8_z2PI/AAAAAAABTKU/jnD6A9O73_s/s1600/%E2%80%9CWords%2Bthat%2Bcome%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bheart%2Bare%2Bnever%2Bspoken%2C%2Bthey%2Bget%2Bcaught%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bthroat%2Band%2Bcan%2Bonly%2Bbe%2Bread%2Bin%2Bones's%2Beyes.%E2%80%9D%2BJos%C3%A9%2BSaramago.jpg" with "https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mYss92CTekI/VNYI-8_z2PI/AAAAAAABTKU/jnD6A9O73_s/s1600/%E2%80%9CWords%2Bthat%2Bcome%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bheart%2Bare%2Bnever%2Bspoken%2C%2Bthey%2Bget%2Bcaught%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bthroat%2Band%2Bcan%2Bonly%2Bbe%2Bread%2Bin%2Bones's%2Beyes.%E2%80%9D%2BJos%C3%A9%2BSaramago.jpg" -->
<!-- Blogger automated replacement: "https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mYss92CTekI/VNYI-8_z2PI/AAAAAAABTKU/jnD6A9O73_s/s1600/%E2%80%9CWords%2Bthat%2Bcome%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bheart%2Bare%2Bnever%2Bspoken%2C%2Bthey%2Bget%2Bcaught%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bthroat%2Band%2Bcan%2Bonly%2Bbe%2Bread%2Bin%2Bones's%2Beyes.%E2%80%9D%2BJos%C3%A9%2BSaramago.jpg" with "https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mYss92CTekI/VNYI-8_z2PI/AAAAAAABTKU/jnD6A9O73_s/s1600/%E2%80%9CWords%2Bthat%2Bcome%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bheart%2Bare%2Bnever%2Bspoken%2C%2Bthey%2Bget%2Bcaught%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bthroat%2Band%2Bcan%2Bonly%2Bbe%2Bread%2Bin%2Bones's%2Beyes.%E2%80%9D%2BJos%C3%A9%2BSaramago.jpg" -->
<!-- Blogger automated replacement: "https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-K6mC512A7WM%2FVNYJGibvzMI%2FAAAAAAABTKc%2FRF-qMFwq7B8%2Fs1600%2F22b7c0a83d24d801c2c819e6ed3a2698.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*" with "https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K6mC512A7WM/VNYJGibvzMI/AAAAAAABTKc/RF-qMFwq7B8/s1600/22b7c0a83d24d801c2c819e6ed3a2698.jpg" --><!-- Blogger automated replacement: "https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-GE8grqA3w-Y%2FVNYI17WfrHI%2FAAAAAAABTKM%2FTuW9JsASb4g%2Fs1600%2FW.G.%252BSebald.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*" with "https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GE8grqA3w-Y/VNYI17WfrHI/AAAAAAABTKM/TuW9JsASb4g/s1600/W.G.%2BSebald.jpg" --><!-- Blogger automated replacement: "https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-mYss92CTekI%2FVNYI-8_z2PI%2FAAAAAAABTKU%2FjnD6A9O73_s%2Fs1600%2F%25E2%2580%259CWords%252Bthat%252Bcome%252Bfrom%252Bthe%252Bheart%252Bare%252Bnever%252Bspoken%252C%252Bthey%252Bget%252Bcaught%252Bin%252Bthe%252Bthroat%252Band%252Bcan%252Bonly%252Bbe%252Bread%252Bin%252Bones%27s%252Beyes.%25E2%2580%259D%252BJos%25C3%25A9%252BSaramago.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*" with "https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mYss92CTekI/VNYI-8_z2PI/AAAAAAABTKU/jnD6A9O73_s/s1600/%E2%80%9CWords%2Bthat%2Bcome%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bheart%2Bare%2Bnever%2Bspoken%2C%2Bthey%2Bget%2Bcaught%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bthroat%2Band%2Bcan%2Bonly%2Bbe%2Bread%2Bin%2Bones's%2Beyes.%E2%80%9D%2BJos%C3%A9%2BSaramago.jpg" -->
José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-67626503418177598642015-02-03T12:46:00.000+01:002015-02-03T12:46:43.536+01:00Pandora´s Box: A fable from the age of science, by Adam Curtis: 6. A is for Atom<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--qIDEK0H40k/VNCluuPY8lI/AAAAAAABS2U/KYkKR55mnhc/s1600/NDVD_007.BMP" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--qIDEK0H40k/VNCluuPY8lI/AAAAAAABS2U/KYkKR55mnhc/s1600/NDVD_007.BMP" height="480" width="550" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1qE9V0Z0S1w/VNCkZ09Ll1I/AAAAAAABS1o/wyUMDAIFiKw/s1600/Pandora_Box_titles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1qE9V0Z0S1w/VNCkZ09Ll1I/AAAAAAABS1o/wyUMDAIFiKw/s1600/Pandora_Box_titles.jpg" height="480" width="550" /></a></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>DE</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pandora's Box</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Adam Curtis, 1992</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A is for Atom</span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">PANDORA'S BOX</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From unidentified 1950s promotional film featuring father and son
characters looking across a bay at a city]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Son:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>"When did all this begin, Dad?"</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Father:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>"Well, son, it's a very old story; it's... so old, it's hard to
say when it really began...</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Could've been
back in 1540, when Copernicus identified the Earth as a speck of dust moving in</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>an orbit
around the Sun... or it could've been in 1905, when a young </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Swiss]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> German physicist</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>arrived at a
fundamental truth – that matter could be converted into energy – and expressed
it</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the
equation E = mc<sup>2</sup>. Then there were other dates... 1937: the first
industrial atom-smasher;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1942: the
first nuclear chain reaction; 1945: the Bomb. Somewhere in the course of these
events,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the dawn came
up on the atomic era. It's going to have a tremendous effect on our town down</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>there, son...
It'll be felt in every town in America. And it won't matter whether they make
ships</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or shoes or
sealing wax; with atomic power will come benefits to mankind that we can as yet</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>only
imagine."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A is for ATOM</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In 1945, in the aftermath of
war, scientists were heroes – particularly the physicists, who had built the
atomic bomb. "They are men", said <i>Life</i> magazine, "who
wear the tunic of Superman and stand in the spotlight of a </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">thousand suns."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In the public imagination,
atomic scientists had harnessed a terrifying power which could literally
reshape the world.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From footage of]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <b><i>Robert Oppenheimer</i></b><i>, chief scientist, Manhattan Project </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[in <i>The Decision to Drop the Bomb</i> (1965)?]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"I knew the world would not be the same. I
remembered the lines from the Hindu scripture,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Bhagavad Gita<i>: "Now
I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds."</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"I suppose we all thought that, one way or
another."</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Many of the scientists who
had worked on the atomic bomb felt a deep sense of guilt about what they had
done. They were convinced they now had a moral duty to use the immense forces
they had unleashed </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[for]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> better, peaceful
purposes. What they did not foresee were the demands that would be made of them
when their science came out of the laboratory and into the world of politics
and big business. They would lose control and be forced to compromise and to
deceive.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dr. Chaunc</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[e?]</span><b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">y Starr</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, physicist, Manhatt</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[a]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">n Project 1943–1946</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So, all of a sudden we found... that, as scientists
and technologists, we were capable of changing</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in a massive way the framework in which society
functioned.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I and many others felt that nuclear power represented
a major energy future for the world. You</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>have to understand that... this was the first time
that mankind had ever found an energy source</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>which wasn't a routine natural phenomenon </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[on Earth]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">. Fire, of course, comes
every time </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>lightning strikes a forest; nuclear power was
something else completely – we made it. And our</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ability to give the world </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> what appeared to be – and
still does appear to be – a limitless energy</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>source for the future, was, to any scientist and
engineer, probably the most exciting philosophic</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[al]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>concept you could find.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From footage of a TV address made by]</span><b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> President Eisenhower</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, September 1954</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Today, </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[in]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Shippingport, Pennsylvania,
we began building our first atomic power plant of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>commercial
size.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Mankind comes closer to fulfilment of the
ancient dream of a new and a better Earth.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"The scientists have provided us with an example
of nuclear science at work. In this baton</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[which he is holding
in his hands]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> there is a small source... of neutrons. I bring this source of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>neutrons over
to this place in which we have uranium and we set up a bit of atomic fission.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This will
move the marker on the scale and finally light the light </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[to which he points]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> and the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>project will
be started."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In this general mood of
enthusiasm for science, politicians began to look to atomic power as more than
just cheap electricity. It became the way to a better world.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Prof. Yurii I. Koryakin</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Head of Research, USSR
Institute of Power Research </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[subtitled]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They were years of great hope. Stalin had just died </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[and]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Khruschev had come to
power. We</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>believed atomic power would lead to a better life for
everyone. On top of all this, we were</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>hypnotised by Lenin's slogan: "Communism equals
Soviet power plus the electrification of the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>whole country."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Atomic power was seen as the way to communism.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">At the very same time as
Eisenhower began construction at Shippingport, Russia suddenly announced </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[that]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> it had already built the
world's first nuclear power station. What the Soviets did not reveal was that
it took more </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">electricity to run the plant
than it produced.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Then, in 1956, another
country entered the nuclear race. In this case, the atom's role was to
recapture the glories of the past.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[Footage of (presumably) 1950s
Britain]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover:] </span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">"Tomorrow, Her Majesty the Queen, here at
Calder Hall in Cumberland, is to open the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>first nuclear
power station in the world to operate on an industrial scale."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">"Our prosperity in the
Victorian era", wrote the government's scientific adviser, Lord Cherwell,
"was due to the men who put Britain eighty years ahead in the use of steam
power. Our prosperity in the coming century will depend on learning how to
exploit the latent energy in uranium."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From TV footage of]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <b>Richard Dimbleby</b> </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[presenting the]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> BBC outside broadcast </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[of the]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> opening of Calder Hall </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[nuclear </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">power station]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Uranium... </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[He picks up and
holds a cartridge in his hand]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Well, now, that is uranium. That little black</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>thing I'm
holding in my hand: two pounds of that </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[form]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> of uranium. And the
potential energy</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which could
be given off by this when properly used is equal to the energy – or the heat,
if you</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>like the word
better – produced by two-thousand six-hundred tons of coal. That is
uranium."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From footage of the Queen's opening address]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"...atomic scientists, by a series of brilliant
discoveries, have brought us to the threshold of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a new age ...
It is with pride that I now open Calder Hall, Britain's first atomic power
station."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The British government
announced that by 1965, half the country's electricity would come from nuclear
power. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In the late fifties, the </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[United States]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Atomic Energy Commission
made films that portrayed an "atomic future" in America. Scientists
designed nuclear cars, planes and rockets. Others predicted whole new cities
powered by vast atomic engines. If, somehow, a product could be "atomic",
it had to be good.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Vladimir I. Merkin</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, designer of first Soviet
civilian reactor </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[subtitled]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It was a golden age. Scientists and engineers were
bursting with ideas. Suddenly anything</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>seemed possible; the power of science was limitless.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Unidentified footage, mostly landscapes filmed from low-flying aircraft
(American, 1950s?)]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover:] </span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">"Science for the world – a dynamic world,
moving rapidly, flying, reacting to flashes</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on the radar
screen; watching schedules where everything is calculated down to seconds and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fractions of
seconds ... Science has permeated our very existence and can no longer detach</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>itself
..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[More unidentified footage, here (presumably) of the site for a nuclear
power plant]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover:] </span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">"The station is to be situated on the shores
of a forest lake. During the rest period, a</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>magic silence
reigns around the building site ..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But now, just when the
scientists were being swept along on a wave of publicity, they began to
discover it was going to be far more difficult to produce nuclear power than
they had first thought. The problem was the cost of building the reactors; they
were proving too expensive to compete with conventional fuels. In the Soviet
Union, this led to increasing pressure to build fast, often without proper
protection from nuclear radiation. In February 1957, the planner in charge of
the whole nuclear power programme died from an accidental burst of
radioactivity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Vladimir I. Merkin</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We came under pressure to cut costs; there was a
desire for this energy to be cheap and widely</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>available. Although we understood </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[that]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> reactors had to be safe, we
always had to keep costs</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>uppermost in our minds.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We moved so fast </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[that]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> there simply wasn't time to
take all the precautions. Maybe that's why</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>safety began </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<i>sic</i>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> to be neglected – in
particular, the possibility of a huge accident.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Then, in October 1957, there
was a major accident in Britain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Newsreel clip]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Emergency at Windscale atom plant </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<i>sic</i>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> – and the milk from
two-hundred square</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>miles of
farmland is condemned as radioactive."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The core of the reactor
caught fire and spewed high levels of radioactivity across northwest England.
The radioactivity released was far worse than the public was told. It led some
scientists to question the speed at which the technology was being pushed to
compete with fossil fuels. They included the scientist who had built </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Windscale, Christopher
Hinton. He had been put in charge of implementing the Government's plans for
cheap electricity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sir Kelvin Spencer</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Chief Scientist, Ministry
of Power 1954–1959</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hinton was a thoroughly honest man; and when he found
that all sorts of bogus tales had been</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>told about the relative costs of electricity from
nuclear energy, he was shocked – he told me this,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that he was absolutely shocked.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He realised that the estimates of the cost of nuclear
energy compared with the costs of coal</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>energy were cooked; and when I </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[asked]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> him "Why didn't you do
anything about it?", he said:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Well, I couldn't, because the thing's gone too
far."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>You see, so much had been committed </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[by]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> then to a nuclear future
... It must've been some billions</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that they'd already spent. It was too late.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From Harold Wilson's address at the]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>Labour Party Conference</i> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[in]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>1963</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"It is, of course, a cliché that </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> we're living at a time of
such rapid scientific change that our children</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are accepting
as part of their everyday life things which would've been dismissed as science</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fiction a few
years ago.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"We're living, perhaps, in a more rapid
revolution than some of us realise."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The politicians were now
committed to nuclear power. In 1960, a Labour politician, Anthony Wedgewood
Benn, suggested an idea for a party political broadcast. To the hymn <i>Jerusalem</i>,
the camera would rise from waving </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">fields of corn to reveal an
atomic plant.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Back to Harold Wilson's conference address]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"... the conscious, planned, purposive use of
scientific progress, to provide undreamed-of living</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>standards and
the possibility of leisure, ultimately, on an unbelievable scale."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Nuclear scientists were now
being carried along by a political enthusiasm for what science could achieve.
Yet few of them, in Britain, America or the Soviet Union, knew how to fulfil
the promises they had made.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> ATOMIC ACHIEVEMENT,</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> [a]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Westinghouse promotional film</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "There's a new dawn breaking over our
world: the hopeful dawn of the atomic era.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What
benefits..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But two large American
corporations, Westinghouse and General Electric, had already invested millions
of dollars in nuclear technology. For them, there was no way back. In 1961, the
new chief executive of General Electric told </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">his staff: "We're going
to ram this nuclear thing through."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "... we can move forward to new and even
greater achievements in the atomic era.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is the
hope that awaits us, in this new dawn's early light."</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Control over nuclear
technology had passed from the scientists to the industrialists. They were now
about to take an enormous gamble: to make nuclear power not only practical, but
profitable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[?[Bertram Wolfe], ?[General Manager], GE Nuclear Energy]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I'm Bert Wolfe </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[sp?]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">; I head General Electric's peaceful nuclear power programme.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>...and this is a building which is made to model an
actual </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<i>sic</i>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> boiling-water reactor ... We can</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>come right over here to a facility where down low in
the cavity there is the boiling-water reactor.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">General Electric and
Westinghouse took the simplest form of nuclear reactor – originally designed
for </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">submarines – and redesigned
it on a gigantic scale. These were then offered to power companies at knockdown
prices. The manufacturers decided to bear any extra costs themselves. They
gambled they could start a bandwagon which would make the nuclear business
profitable. The key figure was the salesman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[?Bertram Wolfe]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We would sell one at a time; and each time we sold
one, we'd have a celebration – I can recall</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>when we had meetings and someone would come in and </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[say]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "We sold a plant to
(somebody)!"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and we'd all stand up and shake hands and... go out
for lunch and have wine and toast each</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>other... It was a great celebration.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Then, in the late sixties, we began selling these by
the tens, so it became a real business.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The plants were sold often
before they had even been designed. The power company accepted on faith the
manufacturer's claims that because the reactors were big, they would achieve
economies of scale. These sales were then cited to the next buyer as proof of
the soundness of the manufacturer's claims. In the process, the reactors became
bigger and bigger – and it worked. The two corporations </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Westinghouse and
GE]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> sold dozens of
plants, at home and abroad. Only Britain refused to succumb.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From a]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>General Electric promotional film </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<i>A is for Atom</i> (1952)?]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "A giant of limitless power at man's
command. Man is building a brighter future for</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>his children –
and his children's children – in the new world of the Atomic Age ..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But senior nuclear
scientists were worried about safety in these enormous plants. At the centre of
the reactor was the uranium core. Its heat powered the generators. The cores
were now so large that if, for any reason, the flow of water to keep them cool
were lost, they would melt. The scientists feared that such a core would then
burn its way through the floor of the containment shell. In theory, there would
be nothing to stop it emerging on </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">the other side of the world.
They called it the "China syndrome".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The doubters included Alvin
Weinberg, the man who had designed the original submarine reactor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Alvin Weinberg</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Director, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
1955–1974</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As long as the reactor was as small as the submarine
intermediate reactor – which was only sixty</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>megawatts – then the containment shell was absolute.
Now, that's not quite right, because –</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Adam Curtis, interviewing off-camera,
interrupts:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>When you say "the containment shell was absolute",</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>do you mean it was safe?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Weinberg:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> It was safe. But when you went to six-hundred
megawatt</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>reactors and thousand megawatt reactors, you could
not guarantee this – because you could,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in some very remote situation, conceive of the
containment being breached by this molten mass...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>...and that change, I would assert, occurred as a
result of this enormous economic pressure to</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>make the reactors as large as possible.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In 1964, a team of
scientists working for the </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[US]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Atomic Energy Commission studied the possible consequences of a nuclear
accident. They concluded: "We have found in our present study nothing
inherent in reactors, or in safeguard systems as they have now been developed,
which guarantees either that major reactor accidents will not occur or that
protective safeguard systems will not fail. Should such accidents occur, very
large damages could result."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Alvin Weinberg</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>... and that's when the nuclear dream began to fall
apart.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In 1965, scientists advising
the </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[US]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Atomic Energy
Commission tried to force the manufacturers to make their reactors safer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From an unidentified (black-and-white) TV current affairs or news-style
programme]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Presenter:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Good evening. Well, as I'm sure you've
heard, we're going to have an atomic power</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>plant here in
New York. The Atomic Energy Commission has granted to Consolidated Edison</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>permission to
build a nuclear steam electric generating </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<i>sic</i>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> station at Indian Point in
Westchester</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>County."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Westinghouse had already
built a small atomic plant at Indian Point. Now they applied to the AEC for a
licence to build a giant reactor on the same site. At the same time, General
Electric proposed a massive plant just outside Chicago. The scientists on the </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[AEC's]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Advisory Committee on
Reactor Safeguards were worried that a core melt </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">so close to large cities
could cause a disaster.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">They drafted a letter to the
chairman of the AEC, Glenn Seaborg, which would, by law, have to be published.
It said they would only agree to the plants if the manufacturers redesigned all
future reactors to stop a molten core escaping if an accident, however
unlikely, occurred. Seaborg was an ardent proponent of large reactors.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Glenn Seaborg</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, interviewed 1966</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"We think that it will be possible to build huge
nuclear power reactors that will produce electricity</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at the rate
of millions of kilowatts and </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[use?]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> salt seawater at the rate of hundreds of millions of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gallons a
day..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Seaborg asked for the letter
not to be published. "The impact on the industry might be serious",
he said, "and the public might misunderstand it."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He and his fellow commissioners would deal
with the problem in private.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dr. Glenn Seaborg</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Chairman, AEC 1961–1971</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All I can say is that we... tried to take such steps
as we could to follow their advice </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[and]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> make the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>changes that would make them safe.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Adam Curtis, interviewing,
off-camera:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> So what did you say to the manufacturers?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Seaborg:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> We... had meetings with the manufacturers and
discussed the issue with them. I think</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>they were doing the best they could and I don't know
if we ever made a tremendous push to try</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to get them to change their whole manufacturing
system.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Curtis:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Why not?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Seaborg:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Oh, I think it was at that time not regarded as
a feasible approach.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dr. David Okrent</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Chairman, Advisory Committee on Reactor
Safeguards 1966</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We asked General Electric to come in and discuss how
they might cope with this; and, in effect,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>they came in and showed problems that would arise
with their containment and <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>indicated
that</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>they didn't think they wanted to continue selling
power reactors if they were going to have to</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>deal with the core-melt problem.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Westinghouse showed something called the "core
catcher", but no proof of how it would work.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Neither company was anxious to deal with the problem,
obviously.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Adam Curtis, interviewing, off-camera:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Weren't General Electric,
in effect, threatening you?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They're</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>saying "If you insist on this, then we'll just
pull out of – "</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Okrent:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> It was a kind of threat, I think, yes.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Back to <b>Glenn Seaborg</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Curtis:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> What would've happened if you had said "I
think these plants that are being built – these</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>enormous plants – by General Electric and
Westinghouse are potentially dangerous."?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>What</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>would have happened if you'd said that?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Seaborg:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Well, that's a hypothetical
question... I –</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Curtis:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> You had the power to do it.
What would've happened?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Seaborg:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> I don't think we had the power to stop them...
well, we could've refused to license them,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of course, but, again, I think that in the context of
the times, it's... not a question that makes</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>much sense.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Indian Point and the other
reactors were built without the redesign the Committee had asked for. Instead,
the AEC ordered a massive upgrading of the capacity of the emergency cooling
systems, to prevent a core from ever </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">melting. In effect, the
manufacturers had got their way. But they had set a terrible trap for themselves.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In contrast, in the Soviet
Union, the grandiose nuclear plans of the 1950s had remained on the drawing
board. The Soviet planners were unconvinced they could be constructed cheaply.
The physicists and engineers spent </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">their days designing
reactors that would not get built.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Then, in the mid-sixties,
Brezhnev came to power. He believed that the road to communism lay through
giant technological projects. The nuclear power programme began again. It was
dominated by Anatoly Alexandrov, a famous physicist who had designed what was
known as the "RBMK" reactor. His team planned giant versions to be
built around Soviet cities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Anatoly Alexandrov</b> (presumably), subtitled]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I believe and I've always believed that nuclear power
is incredibly important. No other fuel – neither</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>gas nor oil, nor, to a lesser degree, coal – can see
humanity through even the next thousand years.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Atomic energy is ecologically cleaner than any other
form of energy.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The idyllic picture of a
nuclear Eden masked a reality in which safety was barely even considered. The
reactors were built at great speed to cut costs and to fulfil the Soviet plan.
Some had no protective containment at all, despite the high</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[?</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">er</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> pressures of steam. Large
amounts of water, contaminated by radiation from the reactor core, were pumped
into giant open ponds.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Prof. Yurii I. Koryakin</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Head of Research, USSR
Institute of Power Research </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[subtitled]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A decision was taken to build huge million-kilowatt
reactors. The first was completed in 1973 and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>many others followed. But, in the headlong rush to
finish on time, all sense of proportion was</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>lost.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Film excerpt featuring workers at a (presumably) Soviet nuclear plant
showering and checking themselves for radiation]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover (in English):]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Complete safety for the attending
personnel is ensured at the atomic power</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>plant. The
slightest radioactive contamination can be detected with the aid of radiation
monitors.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the exit
of the washroom, there is a </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[..?..]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> installation. This will not let you out if there is the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>slightest
trace of radioactivity about you."</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b><i>Yurii Koryakin</i></b> (subtitled)]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Under Brezhnev, things started to fall apart. Theft
and negligence were rife. In the late seventies,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the Brezhnev era reached new heights of corruption just
as we were building more atomic plants</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>than ever. Our efforts to solve this problem
internally failed completely, so we went public.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Koryakin and a fellow
engineer wrote an article in the </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[journal]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>Kommunist</i>. It openly challenged Alexandrov. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">It criticised the lack of
safety in the design of the plants, where they were sited and the growing
question of what to do with the nuclear waste. It caused a sensation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b><i>Yurii Koryakin</i></b> (subtitled)]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At a press conference, our article was called a pack
of lies, but people knew we were right. The</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>scientific mafia led by Alexandrov was firmly in the
saddle – all those medals and foreign trips.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There's a Russian saying: "Cake for some, knocks
for the rest."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ordinary engineers
like us got</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kicked in the teeth. It often happens like that in
life.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Britain, meanwhile,
struggled just to make her plants work.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From an episode of]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Tomorrow's World </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[broadcast in]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>1975</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Presenter (Michael Rodd?):]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "So far, the first of
the advanced gas-cooled reactors being built here</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on the Kent
coast at Dungeness hasn't produced a single watt of electricity. Ordered at a
cost</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of £80
million and due to be commissioned in 1972, it might just start producing electricity
in</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1977 – and
really, nobody has a clue how much it's going to cost us.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"So, why is it that things have gone wrong?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For a start, – "</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Christopher Hinton</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, interviewed 1974</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"When Calder Hall was opened, we were leading
the world by three years ... I can only feel terribly</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sad, because
I've seen that lead... thrown away – I find it difficult to put it any other
way."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In America, the enormous
nuclear plants ordered in the sixties were nearing completion. The engineers in
charge were beginning to discover the trap they had set themselves by failing
to redesign the containment. If a molten core could not be contained, then the
emergency systems to prevent a meltdown would <i>have</i> to work, whatever
happened. The engineers had to anticipate everything that could possibly go
wrong. In the enormous complexity of the plants, this was proving impossible.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Robert Pollard</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, reactor engineer, AEC 1969–1976</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One of the main things we began to discover is that
our theoretical calculations... did not have a</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>strong correlation with reality. While the
regulations required emergency cooling systems – pumps</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and valves – we didn't really have any basis for
knowing that those pumps and valves would</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>actually prevent a meltdown of the reactor, because
the degree of complexity of trying to predict</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>what will happen inside a huge reactor in the midst
of a pipe-break... we couldn't make any</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>judgements because we didn't have any facts on which
to make judgements.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">During the winter of 1971, a
series of tests of emergency core cooling systems </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[using water]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> were performed at the AEC's
private testing site in Idaho. Accidents were simulated in a small model of a
reactor. In each case, the emergency systems worked, but the water failed to
fill the core. Often, it was forced out under pressure. Despite this, both the
industry and senior members of the AEC argued that the full-sized safety
systems were safe enough.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b><i>Robert Pollard</i></b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I think what happened was... the federal government
and the nuclear industry decided that the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>absence of proof of danger was almost as good as
proof of safety. In other words, even though</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>we had done experiments that cast doubt on whether
the safety systems would actually work if</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>we had an accident, we still had that backup </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[of]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Well, maybe an accident
won't happen while</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>we continue to work to perfect the design of the
emergency system</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[s]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Now, we couldn't announce to the public that we –
having told the public that the plants were</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>safe – </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> now had to disclose to them </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[that]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> we were wrong and </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[that]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> all these safety
systems</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>we told </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[them]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> about </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> might not do any
good... my goodness, the uproar would've been... we all</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>probably would've been fired, there would've been the
end of this wonderful technology – from</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[our]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> standpoint </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> – and we just
couldn't... admit that we had been wrong; plus, of course, you</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>understand with this one experiment </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[that]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> it didn't </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">prove<i> the emergency
systems wouldn't work</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">all<i> circumstances.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">28th March 1979,
Pennsylvania</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">On March 28, 1979, a series
of human and mechanical errors at the Three Mile Island plant exposed the core.
It reacted with steam and produced hydrogen, which exploded. None of the
emergency teams could understand what was going on inside the reactor. Then,
suddenly, this helicopter </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[from which (presumably) the footage onscreen was
shot]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> detected a large
radioactive cloud drifting towards the nearest town. The voices of the
commissioners in charge of the disaster were recorded by a dictaphone that had
been left running on a table.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From the dictaphone recording (various voices)]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"...What was </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[?</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">your time scale</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> involved there?"
"Hour." "Hour before what?" "Before we had</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a core
melt." "Before you had a core melt?" "You... you would have
hours 'til when you were</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>generating
fission products in a core-melt kind of situation through the
containment..." <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"I think...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>you know, we
got the best we got, Joe; and they're not coming up with answers – we got
the..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Well, don't you think as a precautionary
measure there should be some evacuation?"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[long pause]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Probably – but I must say it's operating
totally in the blind and I don't have any confidence at all</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that if we
order </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[an]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> evacuation, we won't move people... </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[from?]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> a place where they've
already</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gotten a
piece of the dose they were going to get into an area where they will get...
you know,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>they will've
had point-five of what they were going to get and now they move someplace else</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and get
one-point-oh..." "...Joe?" "Yes, sir." "I think </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[..?..]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> I've got to call the
Governor – " "Yes, sir,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I do think
you've got to talk to him immediately –" "to... do it immediately;
we're operating almost</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>totally in
the blind... </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[?</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">this</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> information is </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[?</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ambiguous</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, mine is non-existent; I
don't know... </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[we're</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>like?]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> a couple of blind men... </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[..?..]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> stay around, make a decision here..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Don't we know that it's been stopped?"
"...just lost all communications with the control room..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">For four days, the engineers
at the plant watched helplessly as a bubble of hydrogen grew inside the damaged
reactor. What they feared most was a further massive explosion. But they knew
that if they tried to force the bubble out of the reactor, it might move
downwards and completely uncover the core. They would then face the </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">nightmare of a meltdown.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The engineers were trapped
by the consequences of an accident no-one could've anticipated. It was a point
they made to the commissioners again and again during the incident.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Back (presumably) to the dictaphone recording]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"... this is a failure mode that's never been
studied; it just... it's unbelievable."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dr. Victor Gilinsky</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Nuclear Regulatory
Commissioner 1975–1984</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Well, the thing that impressed me was... how little
we really knew about the situation. It was very</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>hard to figure out what was happening...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There was a lot of confusion on everyone's part –
both on the company's part and the government's</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>part – and </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[on the part of]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> a lot of other people who were participating;
and I think this had a very</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>strong effect on the public – basically, to see all
the men in the white </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> lab coats, who are supposed</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to know, on TV </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> scratching their heads... I
mean, a lot of people wondered whether things were</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>as much under control as they had been told.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From an American anti-nuclear power TV endorsement]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Three Mile Island. The President's
Commission estimated the cost of the accident could</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reach $1.8
billion. That's a lot of money to pay for a power plant that may never work
again.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"But Three Mile Island wasn't the first nuclear
accident and it won't be the last. In 1979 alone, there</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>were twenty
nuclear incidents that could've led to the catastrophic meltdown of an American</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nuclear power
plant.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Don't get sold on nuclear power. We can't pay
the price."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Jane Fonda addressing the crowd at an anti-nuclear power rally in front of
the US Capitol building, September 1979] </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"...their energy policy will benefit the nuclear
industry and the oil companies; and they've given</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>only lip
service to the solar industry..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">There were protests against
nuclear power throughout the world. In the public's imagination, it was
transformed from something good to something bad. Much of the anger was turned
on the nuclear scientists. It emerged that they had deliberately concealed many
of the risks and uncertainties they had discovered at the very time when they
were publicly promoting the wonders of nuclear power.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dr. Alvin Weinberg</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, interviewed 1966</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"We would, in effect, have solved the energy problem
forever – permanently – which, in itself, is</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>just an
extraordinary new dimension in human experience; to have energy, which is the
ultimate</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>raw
material..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Alvin Weinberg</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Director, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
1955–1974</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We recognised there was a risk, but we always deemed
the risk to be really </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[i.e. genuinely?]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> acceptable.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But now I guess I'm more mature – older... </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[and]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> I realise that the decision
</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[that it]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> was acceptable</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>is not something that we technologists can make; it's
something that the public makes.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Adam Curtis, interviewing,
off-camera:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Why did you think it was something you </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">could<i> make then?</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Weinberg, after a long pause:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> You know, I guess it never
occurred to me to... to ask this question.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The nuclear enterprise had always been... well, it
started out as a secret enterprise, of course; and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the notion of the public being intimately involved in
very complicated technical issues – issues which</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>went way beyond the competence of any member of the
public – it just didn't seem that that was</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the right way to do it.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And I think the basic question is: "Can modern
intrusive technology and liberal democracy co-exist?"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceovered translation of what ultimately is revealed to be the playback
of a cassette tape] </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"I keep in my safe records of the operators'
telephone conversations on the eve of the accident. It</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>makes one's
skin crawl to read them. One operator telephones another and asks: "The
program</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>here states
what must be done, but a lot has been crossed out..?" The other thinks for
a moment</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and then
says: "Act according to what has been crossed out."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"In Kiev, we set off for the nuclear power
station. It didn't enter my head that we were moving</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>towards an
event on a planetary scale. On the following day, when I went into the ruins of
the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reactor in an
armoured troop carrier, I had that sense of anger that there were no solutions,
no</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>technical
remedies worked out in advance. Of course, we had said such an accident could
only</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>happen once
in a thousand years; but who said that this once would fall in our year
1986?"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Yurii Scherbak</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Ukrainian journalist and MP </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[after switching off the tape playback; subtitled]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>That was Valeri </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<i>sic</i>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Legasov, one of the heroes
of Chernobyl. He suffered a strange and tragic fate.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I met him in autumn 1986.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Legasov had been one of the
main architects of Russia's nuclear programme. Now he led the fight at
Chernobyl, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">repeatedly flying through
the radiation above the blazing reactor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">As with Three Mile Island,
an improbable sequence of errors had led to an explosion and a molten core that
had now started to burn its way through the foundations of the reactor. A
tunnel was frantically dug directly under the plant by hundreds of volunteers.
Liquid nitrogen was poured in to freeze the ground underneath. By luck,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">the nitrogen gas also began
to stifle the graphite fire. And then, on the fifth day, for reasons that still
no-one </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">understands, the core began
to cool.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Despite this, </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Legasov remained a staunch
defender of nuclear power</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">throughout the
disaster and the terrible dangers</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From TV footage of Valeri Legasov and ?volunteers; translation provided by
voiceover]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Valeri Legasov</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Deputy Director, Atomic Power Institute</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"...
The maximum dose was 0.7 röntgens per hour; over the reactor, we got 0.3 and
0.5 röntgens..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Someone:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Do you think we'll be able to have children?"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Legasov:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Yes; don't worry."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Someone:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Are you sure?"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Legasov, laughing:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "I've been working with radioactivity since
1964 and I've got kids – don't worry!"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In the months that followed,
Legasov changed his mind. In a long taped interview with the then-Soviet MP
Yurii Scherbak, he gave a damning criticism of the whole nuclear power
programme. The problem, he said, was the demand that was made of the
technology.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Yurii Scherbak</b> (subtitled)]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I had an amazing conversation with Legasov. Suddenly
he began telling me, very openly, about</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the agony he'd been through at Chernobyl.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Extracts </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[translated]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> from Scherbak's interview with Valerii </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<i>sic</i>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Legasov</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "It's easy to think or imagine that the
enemy is the nuclear reactor. But the enemy isn't</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>technology. I
have come to the paradoxical conclusion that technology must be protected from</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>man. In the
past – the time that included the old reactors; the time that ended with
Gagarin's</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>flight into
space – the technology was created by people who stood on the shoulders of
Tolstoy</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and
Dostoyevsky. They were educated in this period of the great humanitarian ideas;
in this</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>period of a
beautiful and correct moral sense. They had a clear political idea of the new
society</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>they were
trying to create; one that would be the most advanced in the world. But already
in the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>generations
that succeeded them, there were engineers who stood on their shoulders and saw</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>only the
technical side of things. But if someone is educated only in technical ideas,
they cannot</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>create
anything new, anything for which they are responsible.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"The operators of the reactor that night </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[thought]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> they were doing everything
well and correctly –</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and they were
breaking the rules for the sake of doing it </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[trying to do it?]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> even better. But they had</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lost sight of
the purpose; </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[of]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">what<i> they were
doing it for."</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Then, two years to the day
after the accident – and for unknown </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[unconfirmed?]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> reasons – Valeri Legasov committed suicide.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[An extract from the
Buchanan Brothers' 1946 country-music hit "Atomic Power" plays as
footage from the aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster continues]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Joseph Morone</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, nuclear </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[science]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> historian</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>In the golden age of science – at the time when
society had its most optimistic view of science – it</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>basically had a wrong-headed view of science. It had
the view that... this form of the technology</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[he is gesturing toward the reactor containment
building behind him]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> was the inevitable form that it had</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to take; and that if that was the form it took, then
it must be the right form.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Forty years later, we have a similarly naïve view –
it's no longer tinged by hope and optimism; it's</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>tinged by pessimism and fear – but we still have this
view that society can't shape technology; that</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that the form </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]<i> the technology takes is the form we must
accept. And, just as </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[this]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> wasn't true in</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1950, it's not true today.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is not a story of technology run amok, although
that's how many people understand it to be;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the history of nuclear power is a history of
political and economic and social decisions being made</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>about a technology – and the key decisions weren't
made by the technologists; they were </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[made]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> in</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[realm of]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> business </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]<i>. What science and technology gives you is a
range of possibilities; and</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>those possibilities can take you in any number of directions.
It's potentially a liberating force; but,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to get there, society has to stop sleepwalking and
start realising that it's not a scientific choice, it's</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>not an engineering choice – it's a moral choice.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Back to the 1950s
promotional film used at the start of the documentary; the father and son are
now inside and have just </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">finished watching a film via a movie projector]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Father:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Well, George, does
that answer your question?"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Son:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "It sure does... </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[It's]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> given me a whole new perspective – "</span></i></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EviEN0ScOwg?feature=player_embedded" width="550"></iframe>
José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-63674198980352974482015-02-03T12:45:00.000+01:002015-02-03T12:45:36.982+01:00Pandora´s Box : A fable from the age of science, by Adam Curtis: 5. Black Power<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-p4HLTh3fyeg/VNClZvzL61I/AAAAAAABS2M/_p56jMpXHCg/s1600/NDVD_006.BMP" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-p4HLTh3fyeg/VNClZvzL61I/AAAAAAABS2M/_p56jMpXHCg/s1600/NDVD_006.BMP" height="480" width="550" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1qE9V0Z0S1w/VNCkZ09Ll1I/AAAAAAABS1o/wyUMDAIFiKw/s1600/Pandora_Box_titles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1qE9V0Z0S1w/VNCkZ09Ll1I/AAAAAAABS1o/wyUMDAIFiKw/s1600/Pandora_Box_titles.jpg" height="480" width="550" /></a></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>DE</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pandora's Box</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Adam Curtis, 1992</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Black Power</span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">PANDORA'S BOX</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">GHANA, WEST AFRICA</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thirty-five years ago, one
man set out to turn this country into a modern industrial utopia. He was Kwame
Nkrumah, the first leader of a newly-independent black African state. His aim
was to transform Ghana into a society shaped and driven by the power of
science.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Audio from a recording of a speech given by Kwame Nkrumah]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"And I see and hear springing up </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[the]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> cities of Ghana, becoming
the metropolis</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[es?]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> of science,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>learning,
scientific agriculture and philosophy.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Seek ye first the political kingdom; and all
other things shall be added unto it."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">At the heart of Nkrumah's
plan was a giant dam that would produce vast quantities of cheap electricity –
enough </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">power to build a modern
industrial state in the heart of Africa within a generation. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But what Nkrumah did not
forsee was that with the dam would come other more dangerous forms of power
which he could not control; political and economic forces that would tear apart
his vision of using science and technology to create a model for the new
Africa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Kwame Kwateng</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nkrumah was, </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[to]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> my mind, a visionary, not a
dreamer. In his mind's eye, he could see... a United</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>States of Africa, as </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[in]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> United States of America –
and he could see Africa coming together to form</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a viable unit; to become a world power, in the
shortest possible time.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Al Haji Futa</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He needed power; and there was no source from which
he could get the amount of power which</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>he needed. And this was the one source which could
provide him with that power; and he was</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>prepared to go the whole length to get it.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">BLACK POWER</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From ?newsreel dated]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 1951</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "To the people of the Gold Coast, there
came, last week, a day that will always be</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>remembered in
their history. For here, in what's been a British colony for more than a
century,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nearly a
million people went to the polls in their first general election.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"The main issue in the election lay between
those who want self-government sometime in the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>future and
those who want it now, like the Convention People's Party – the CPP. Their
leader,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kwame
Nkrumah, spent election day in jail, serving a sentence for incitement and
sedition."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Nkrumah's rise had been
irresistible. After spending ten years in America as a student, he had returned
to the Gold Coast in 1947. Within two years, he had formed a political party.
Two years after that, he swept to power. Although the British still controlled
trade, defence and foreign policy, he had become the first black African prime
minister.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Al Haji Futa</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nkrumah, before coming into power, had, in his
election manifesto, made certain promises</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>about development; about turning the country into a
modern industrial country. Nkrumah very</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>much believed that for development, power was
necessary; that you had to have power – that</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>without power, you couldn't develop.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">"Power" meant
electricity; and the source was to be the giant Volta river that flowed through
the eastern half of the country. Ever since the 1920s, the British had planned
to build a dam there. A hydroelectric plant would </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">produce electricity to make
aluminium from the Gold Coast's vast reserves of the mineral bauxite.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In the early fifties,
Britain was desperate for a cheap source of aluminium. Nkrumah joined with the
British to resuscitate the scheme.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Clip from]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>"The Volta River
Project"</i> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[by the]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>Gold Coast Film Unit </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[dated]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 1954</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The British authorities saw
the power from the dam simply as a means to boost the Empire's supply of
aluminium. But for Nkrumah, it was much more. He saw it as the key to
fulfilling his country's destiny.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Kojo Botsio</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Minister of Education 1951–57</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The power was originally conceived just for the
manufacture of aluminium in this country. But</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>then, when Kwame came, he gave a new accent, a new
importance to that power project: that </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the power was to be used for </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[the]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> comprehensive economic
development of the country.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Together, Nkrumah and the
British organised a travelling exhibition to promote the Volta scheme. Large
models of the dam were built and taken round the country amidst a blaze of
publicity. The exhibition was seen by nearly two million people.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sqn. Ldr. Clem Sowu</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Assistant Exhibition
Officer 1956</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Some </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[..?..] [?</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">folks'</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> reaction was first: Is it possible?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Is it feasible... for this to happen in their</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>lifetime?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And
I remember in one particular place there was one farmer who came in in a </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[..?..]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>did ask the question: what can he do to help, for the
project to come on?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The exhibition was a great
success and it helped Nkrumah consolidate his political position. But to his
opponents, whom he had defeated in the election, the Volta scheme was a
dangerous trap; just another cycle in the British exploitation of their
country.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Kwesi Lamptey</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Opposition MP 1951–1957</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The British people were anxious to give us that
scheme. And one thing I must make clear: the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>scheme was not started by Nkrumah. The Volta River
scheme was an old scheme of </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[the]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> British</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>government.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In 1953, Nkrumah's opponents
forced a debate in parliament. In a series of speeches, the opposition MPs
warned that Nkrumah was in danger of enslaving the country to powerful
interests far beyond his control.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Kwesi Lamptey</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Reading]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "<i>As a long-term scheme, it is excellent. But as a short-term
scheme, Mr Speaker, it is</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>suicidal.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"I would say that no nation which is beginning
to free itself puts its neck in a position in which it</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>will find itself in economic slavery."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">At the end of the debate,
Nkrumah defended his partnership with the British. "We are not boys",
he said. "Do you think I am a fool to enter into a project like this
blindly?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I am not so damn silly as to
put my nose into something that is detrimental to this country."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From TV footage of]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <b><i>Anthony Eden</i></b><i>, Prime Minister </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[of Britain 1955–1957, making an address regarding the Suez Crisis]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"All my life, I've been a man of peace; working
for peace, striving for peace, negotiating for peace.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But I'm
utterly convinced that the action we have taken is right."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In 1956, Britain </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[with France and
Israel]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> invaded Egypt to
prevent President Nasser from nationalising the Suez </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Canal. Within ten days, the
United Nations and the Americans forced them to retreat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Suez symbolised the decline
of Britain's colonial power. Vast projects like the Volta dam began to look
increasingly insecure in the face of confident new African leaders – and
Britain was running out of money. That same year, Nkrumah's government was told
</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[that]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> the Volta scheme
was shelved.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Kojo Botsio</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Minister of Education 1951–57</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nkrumah had received the news that the British
government intended to pull out of the scheme</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>because the finances were getting too large for them
to handle.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">James Moxon</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, public relations spokesman, Volta River Project</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He was almost in despair. Everybody was depressed;
all of those of us who were involved in it in</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>any way were shattered when we discovered that the
project was on the shelf. And Nkrumah...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But Nkrumah was not a man to allow depression to take
over.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">On 6 March 1957, the Gold
Coast became Ghana: the first black African country to be free.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Kojo Botsio</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The promise of independence was not </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> going to be just </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[of]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> freedom but that people
will see it in</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>their lives... the promise that we're going to
industrialise the country as a means of generating</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>growth, economic growth; and industrialisation means
that we must have power. And, therefore,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the first thing was that all of us should harness all
our resources to</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[ward]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> getting the power</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>established.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">It was a glorious moment for
Ghana; and for Nkrumah. But, in private, he knew that many of the promises on
which he had been swept to power might prove dangerously hollow if the dam were
not built. It was the key to </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">his vision of leading Africa
into a shining tomorrow.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But then, four-thousand
miles away, a simple twist of fate brought the Volta scheme back to life.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">AMERICA, LATER THAT YEAR...</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">At the end of 1957,
Nkrumah's finance minister Komla Gbedemah went to America on a private visit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Komla Gbedemah</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Minister of Finance 1957–1961</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I was invited to Maryland State College to give a
talk on the newly-independent Ghana; and, as I</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>was driving there from New York, I felt like having a
drink of orange juice or </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> water at a roadside</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>restaurant – </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[a]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Howard Johnson's restuarant
– in Delaware. My secretary, who was American –</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a black American – told me: "Minister, I think
this is one of the states where they are very "sticky"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>about colour."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I said: "What..?"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I asked for two glasses of orange juice. The girl
looked at us </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[and]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> said: "No, sir, you can't." </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[I said:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"What..?" "You can't."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then she turned away, went in and told the
manager to come and speak</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to us. So, the manager came and said:
"Gentlemen, I'm sorry; because of your colour, you can't</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>drink in here."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I said to him: "Look, there are people here who are </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[of]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> lower social status than I</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>am, but they can drink – and I can't..?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Okay, you can keep the orange juice and the
change, but</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>you haven't heard the last of this..!"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Next morning, it was </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> news all over the
world.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Gbedemah was then invited to breakfast with the
then US President, Eisenhower]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> During breakfast, he</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Eisenhower]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> asked me what </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[I was]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> doing in the United States.
I said: "I've come here to talk about</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the Volta project."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"How is that project?" he asked. </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[I said:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Well, we've put it in
cold storage</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>because we can't find the money
immediately."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"Have you talked
to the State Department?" he</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>said. "No, we haven't."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"Dick... Richard </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Nixon, Eisenhower's
vice-president]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, will you take care of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that..?"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And
that was how the Volta project came back to life so soon.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Nkrumah seized the
opportunity. He wrote to Eisenhower asking for help in building the dam.
Eisenhower </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">invited him to visit
America. At their meeting in March 1958, he told Nkrumah that the best way to
get the </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">scheme started again would
be to involve American industry.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Eisenhower contacted Edgar
Kaiser. He was head of one of the largest aluminium corporations in the world.
Kaiser was based in Oakland, California. It had mines and smelting plants
throughout the world. It promoted </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">aluminium as the shining
lightweight metal of the future.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">At Eisenhower's request,
Edgar Kaiser flew from California to meet Nkrumah in New York.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>James Moxon</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We were staying at the Waldorf Towers; and Edgar came
in and he and Nkrumah stood and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>looked at each other... and some kind of magnetic
quality passed between them. It was quite</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>remarkable; they took to each other at once. And I
doubt if that... electricity ever evaporated</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>throughout their experience – although they had many
"set-to"s in one way or another.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">At the end of 1958, a team
of Kaiser executives and engineers flew to Accra </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Ghana's capital]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> to look at the plans for
the scheme. Nkrumah offered the Kaiser team a deal. If they agreed to build an
aluminium smelter in Ghana, then his government woudl be able to raise the
money for the dam. In return, the dam would supply the large </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">quantities of electricity
needed by the plant. The rest would go to power the future industries of the
new Ghana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">To the Kaiser team, Ghana
seemed an attractive prospect.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Ron Sullivan</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Kasier lawyer on Volta Project 1959–1979</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It was wealthy – I think they had four hundred
million dollars in the bank – </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[and]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> very highly</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>educated; every driver was reading the newspaper... I
mean, they were very literate people</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and... it was as good a place to try in Africa as you
could go to.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Kwame Kwateng</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Principal Secretary, Ministry of Finance
1960–1964</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They were aggressive. There was one young lawyer who
impressed me – we became great</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>friends – Ron Sullivan. He was very aggressive... and
they were... a little </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[..?..]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> to understand</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>what they were doing; that was their nature. Unlike
the British, who were very... gentlemanly,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the Americans were straight to the point and... no frills
or wrapping-up; they called a spade a</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>spade and a shovel a shovel.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Ron Sullivan</b>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They wanted the dam. And we were the means to get it,
because we were the way that the dam</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>was being financed.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">It had always been assumed
by the Ghanaians that, as with the British scheme, the smelter would use the
vast reserves of their own bauxite and so create an important new industry. But
in the middle of the negotiations, the Kaiser team made it clear they had no
intention of using Ghana's bauxite for the time being. Instead, they would<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>import the raw materials needed by the
smelter from America. The decision shocked the Ghanaian negotiating team.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Ron Sullivan</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Kasier lawyer on Volta Project</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They might've been disappointed, but you have to
realise that wasn't that high a grade of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>bauxite. It was high-thirties or a low-forties </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[percentage of
retrievable aluminium]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">; and the bauxite,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>for example, over in Guinea was fifty-five percent.
Makes a lot of difference in costs. We just...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It just wasn't possible at that time.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>James Moxon</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This seemed to be totally wrong to Nkrumah. He was
intensely upset. He could never believe that</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ghana's bauxite couldn't be converted by a series of
processes into pots and pans and roofing</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sheets.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">What the Kaiser executives
didn't tell the Ghanaians was that there was another reason why they didn't
want to use the local bauxite.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Lloyd Cutler</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Kasier lawyer on Volta Project</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We were greatly concerned that if we located within
Ghana all of the bauxite and power necessary</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to have an integrated aluminum operation, </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> someday our project – if it
were profitable – might</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>be nationalised by the government and taken away from
us.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The Kaiser team refused to
change their minds. They knew, as well as Nkrumah did, that without them, there
would be no dam. At the end of 1959, Nkrumah told his team to agree to Kaiser's
terms. Millions of dollars' worth of Ghanaian bauxite would remain in the
ground. But, with Kaiser's letter of intent in his pocket, Nkrumah knew he
could now set about raising the money to build the dam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">WASHINGTON, D.C.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">He approached the World
Bank. It had been set up at the end of the </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Second World W]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ar to provide loans to
rebuild Europe, but now it had turned its attention to the Third World. He
asked the Bank for thirty million pounds; it was the largest loan ever
requested. Yet the Bank's economists believed, as Nkrumah did, that electricity
was the key to industrial development in the Third World.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">J. Burke Knapp</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Senior Vice-President, World Bank 1956–1978</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We envisaged the development of this power resource
as fundamental to Ghanaian economic</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>development. The provision of power, electric power,
to Ghana was an immense economic benefit</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to the country – was a </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">sine qua non<i> </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[for]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> economic development in the
country. So, let's accept</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that the economic benefits of power to Ghana were
tremendous.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The belief that science and
technology applied on a grand scale would somehow inevitably propel a
Third-World country into the industrial age was the prevailing wisdom of the
time. It was called the "theory of takeoff". It </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">gripped the imagination of
politicians and economists both in the West and in the Third World.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In June 1960, the World Bank
approved the scheme in principle. But its report had important reservations.
The most serious concerned the price Kaiser paid Ghana for electricity. The
World Bank made it clear that if Nkrumah was to get the benefits he expected
from the dam, he must negotiate a certain minimum rate for the power. If he
didn't, Ghana might find it difficult to "takeoff".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>J. Burke Knapp</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Our report essentially was saying to Ghana: this
project will succeed and we're prepared to make</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a loan on it – and the load can be paid off if the
power price is right. This was absolutely the key</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to the negotiations.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But Kaiser needed a low rate
if the smelter was to be profitable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
second round of negotiations began.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Nkrumah faced a terrible
dilemma. His advisers – and the World Bank – told him that if he accepted the
price Kaiser was offering, the high expectations he had of the dam might not be
realised. But if he refused, Nkrumah knew that Kaiser would pull out and the
dam would never be built.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Al Haji Futa</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Ghanaian negotiating team</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nkrumah was a man beseiged. He had to do something –
as you know, he had raised up hopes</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of the development of the country; that the Volta
River project would turn Ghana into a modern</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>industrial country.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He had no other programme. Insofar as he saw it as
providing this minimum of the power which</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>he sought, he was prepared to go along </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[with Kaiser]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The negotiations dragged on
through the autumn of 1960. Neither side would give way on the electricity
price. Finally, one hot afternoon in December, Edgar Kaiser decided to confront
Nkrumah and force the issue.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Kwame Kwateng</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Ghanaian negotiating team</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kaiser asked for the meeting to be adjourned and went
straight to Nkrumah and explained that</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>perhaps his shareholders would not go along with the
project if we asked for a higher power rate</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>than Kaiser was asking for.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A message came back after lunch from Nkrumah that we
were to go ahead and accept the </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Kaiser]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>rate. He wanted the project, at all costs.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>James Moxon</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kwame Nkrumah and Edgar Kaiser, on 22 January 1962,
signed the Master Agreement, which</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>enfolded every provision that was necessary between
Edgar Kaiser's company and the Ghana</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[ian]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>government. When they had signed it, they stood up
and clasped each other in a very, very genuine</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>embrace. I was there, together with a large number of
other distinguished guests; and I don't think</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>any of us will ever forget it. The following day, we
all went to Akosombo </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[the dam's site]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> and Nkrumah</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>let off a vast charge – and the scheme started.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Professor Akilagpa Sawyerr</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Vice-Chancellor, Ghana
University 1985–92</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yes, I suppose you can say Kaiser used Nkrumah, but,
if that makes Nkrumah passive, that'd be</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>inaccurate, because Nkrumah </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> used Kaiser. The question
is: Whose end of the bargain came out</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>better?</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nkrumah was seen to have been going into an area with
so many unknowns. One can say that</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>while he was pursuing power, power slipped through
his fingers.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But even as Nkrumah and
Edgar Kaiser celebrated, other forces were becoming involved in the scheme. The
dam </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">was now a hostage in the
vicious confrontations of the Cold War.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The year before, the Congo
had been torn apart by a brutal civil war. America and the Soviet Union backed
opposite sides. The policy of the new Kennedy administration was to fight the
spread of communism in Africa. In 1960, Brezhnev, the President of the Soviet
Union, had visited Ghana. It frightened America's leaders. They were determined
that Nkrumah, despite his brand of African socialism, would be their man.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Bill Mahoney</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, US Ambassador to Ghana 1962–1965</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nkrumah was everything. He was everything –
politically, economically... psychologically, culturally</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and so on. He just absolutely dominated the scene.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Nkrumah, though, wanted to
keep Ghana – and Africa – out of the Cold War.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From footage of Kwame Nkrumah speaking at the]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>UNITED NATIONS</i> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[in]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>1960</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"... It is quite clear that a desperate attempt
is being made to create confusion in the Congo;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>extend the
Cold War to Africa; and involve Africa in the suicidal quarrels of foreign
powers.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The United
Nations must not allow this to happen ..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But there was the dam. The
American government realised that it was a powerful weapon with which to ensnare
Nkrumah. Like the World Bank, the Kennedy administration had agreed to lend
millions of dollars to the scheme. In an internal memorandum, the Secretary of
State, Dean Rusk, made it quite clear what this money was for. "By
maintaining this leverage on Nkrumah", he wrote, "the US will be in a
better position to influence his policies."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In public, though, it was called
"foreign aid".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">George Ball</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Under-Secretary of State, Kennedy
administration</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The problem was that we foresaw the progress that the
Soviets were making in extending their</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>communist ideology, particularly in Africa and, to
some extent, in South America; </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[and]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> certainly</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in the Middle East. </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Therefore, we had to
counter that </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[in]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> some way; and we countered it with</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>foreign aid as a defence against the </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[?</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">spite</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> of communism.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Bit by bit, Nkrumah's
utopian vision was slipping away. The Volta scheme had become something very
different from what he had originally intended. At every stage, the project had
been shaped not by his idealism, but by powerful political and economic
pressures. But Nkrumah still believed it was worthwhile, because once the dam
was built, it could not be taken away. In time, it would become the engine of
his country's future.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Bill Mahoney</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Everyone was hopeful. Those absolutely were
optimistic times for hope. Ghana was singular in</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the sense that it had everything: it had educated
people, it had considerable infrastructure, three</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>universities, schools, lawyers, doctors – it had
everything going for it.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The construction of the dam
was to take four years. Throughout Ghana, factories and roads began to be
built: the foundations of the industrial revolution that would be powered by
the dam. But with these trappings of the modern world came other forces that
took Ghana's fragile economy even further from Nkrumah's control.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From footage of Kwame Nkrumah]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Corruption... is not a problem peculiar to any
country. I personally feel that the only way in</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which you can
stop corruption in any country is to build up a strong public opinion against
it."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">J. Burke Knapp</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Senior Vice-President, World Bank 1956–78</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Elements entered into the equation that had not been
adequately foreseen; and perhaps the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>greatest of them was corruption. Corruption of
government and of government people; and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>corruption – I call it corruption – on the part of
foreign suppliers who tried to sell Ghana – in fact,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">did<i> sell Ghana – on investment in substantial industrial enterprises
which did not... were not</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>properly designed for the country and did not, in
fact, achieve success.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In the early sixties, Ghana
became a mecca for European industrialists eager to win large contracts from
Nkrumah's government. They began to discover that the easiest way was to offer
officials from Nkrumah's party </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">a bribe. This soon became
the accepted way of doing business in Accra.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">What resulted was a rush to
sell Ghana anything, no matter how inappropriate for an emerging African
nation. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Vast sums of Ghana's
precious foreign currency were spent on these projects.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Then, in 1964, Nkrumah's
industrial experiment received another body-blow. The world price of cocoa,
which had been falling for four years, finally crashed. It was Ghana's main
source of foreign exchange. The millions of pounds needed to pay for the new
factories began to dry up. Ghana, once one of the richest countries in Africa, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">began to slide into debt.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Nkrumah was an increasingly
isolated figure on the world stage. What had once been seen as visionary ideas
were now perceived as dangerous megalomania – and his country was sinking ever
deeper into debt.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dr. Jonathan Frimpong-Ansah</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Deputy Governor, Ghana
Central Bank 1965–8</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>By 1965, </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[?</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">we</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> had become very
desperate; and I remember we decided to write a memorandum</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to Nkrumah to tell him the true state of affairs </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[..?..]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> the economy. I had written
that the reserves</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>were only five-hundred thousand pounds. He looked at
me and said: "Ah, you didn't check the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>typing; you left a few zeroes </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[off]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">." So, I said:
"No, sir; there are no zeroes left </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[off]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">. It is five-hundred</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>thousand; that's all we have in the banks
overseas."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And he sat back. Then,
what he did was that</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>he went round the table, </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>to everyone who was
seated there at the meeting and asked them:</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Frimpong says we have five-hundred thousand. Is
he right?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Do you agree with
him?"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>everybody said "Yes."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>That was the first time the whole Cabinet
acknowledged to the President that Ghana was</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>bankrupt.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From footage of Kwame Nkrumah making an announcement]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Our objective is: African Union now. There is
no time to waste. We must unite, or we perish. I am</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>confident
that by our concerted effort and determination ..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Bill Mahoney</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, US Ambassador to Ghana 1962–1965</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kwame Nrumah was losing both domestically and
internationally in his posture; he was practically</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>alone in Flagstaff House </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[the presidential
palace in Accra]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">. He was really a little bit paranoid; it was</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>really awfully sad. He was even afraid to... I
remember they opened their parliament one day and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nkrumah didn't want to take the chance to drive from
Flagstaff House to the parliament building...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He was a prisoner, in a sense. You know, there had
been a couple of attempts on his life while we</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>were there, so he had reason to be a little bit
apprehensive; but, toward the end, he was a different</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>person.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">On 22 January 1966, the dam
was finally finished. Nkrumah organised a massive celebration. He invited the
whole country to attend.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Al Haji Futa</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Volta River Project 1960–1986</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The mood of the people at the celebration, the mood
of the country, was euphoric. There was</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>this vast project which had come in; and they
understood </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[that]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> it would have a tremendous</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>impact and effect on the country.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I felt euphoric. I was quite enthusiastic. I felt a
new dawn had come for Ghana.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Jonathan Frimpong-Ansah</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But all that was happening against a background of a
country that already had no money; it</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[..?..]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> controls and </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[..?..]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> controls... So it was just like a big "emperor's new clothes".
Nobody could</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>say that Ghana was broke, but Ghana – it was broke.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From footage of Kwame Nkrumah's address at (presumably) the opening of the
dam]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"President Eisenhower... and President Kennedy...
were genuinely interested in this project</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>because...
they saw, behind the cold figures and the rigid calculations, that the Volta
River</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Project was
not only an economically viable project, but also an opportunity for the United</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>States of America
to make a purposeful capital investment in a developing country.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"You see before you, in all its majesty,
strength and power, the Akosombo Dam, which has</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tamed the
turbulent waters of the Volta ..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Louis Casley-Hayford</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, dam engineer 1966</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A lot of us </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> did not take our seats at
the official seating place </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[but instead]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> watched the ceremony</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>from further uphill. </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[There were m]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">any, many reasons for that:
one of them was that there was talk</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of a possible coup at the time.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Broadcast on]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> RADIO GHANA, ONE MONTH LATER</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Unidentified voice:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>"Citizens of Ghana and fellow
countrymen: Good evening. The Ghana Armed</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Forces took
over the reins of government of this country after a successful overthrow of
the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>regime of
Kwame Nkrumah, in what may be truly described as one of the boldest ventures in</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the history
of this country ..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The military coup won
enormous popular support. Nkrumah had failed to deliver the modern Ghana he had
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">promised. The dam had come
too late to save him.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But there were other forces
involved in planning the coup. America, too, had finally lost patience with
Nkrumah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">John Stockwell</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, CIA officer in West Africa at time of coup</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Well, Howard Bain, who was the CIA station chief in
Accra, engineered the overthrow of Kwame</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nkrumah. Now, obviously, you can look at it different
ways; a Ghanaian might say "I thought we</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>did it..?"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Inside the CIA, though, it was quite clear: Howard Bain got a double
promotion and the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Intelligence Star for having overthrown Kwame Nkrumah
in Ghana.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The magic of it – what made it so exciting to the CIA
– was that Howard Bain had had enough</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>imagination and drive to run the operation without
ever documenting what he was doing </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[but]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> to</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sweep along his bosses in such a way </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[as]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> they knew what he was
doing. Tacitly, they approved,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>but there wasn't one shred of paper that he generated
that would nail the CIA hierarchy as being</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>responsible.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Nkrumah fled to Guinea and
never returned to Ghana. He died in 1972.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In the 1950s, in the eyes of
the West, his country had been a radiant model for what Africa was to become.
But by the time he fell, that image had been replaced by a picture of a
continent wracked by military coups and corruption. In the late sixties, Western
journalists travelled to Ghana to pick over the bones of his industrial
experiment. Their contemptuous reports seemed to confirm to the West a new myth
of Africa: a continent unable to handle the complex pressures of
industrialisation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Unidentified voiceover (the reporter in the next clip from <i>24 Hours</i>..?)]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Kwame Nkrumah, the communist messiah of Africa,
came home in 1947 with the clothes he stood</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>up in and a
cardboard suitcase. He left, nineteen years later, a multi-millionaire."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From an episode of]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>"TWENTY-FOUR HOURS", BBCTV 1969</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Reporter:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "He turned a
two-hundred-and-fifty-million-pound credit at independence to a</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>six-hundred-million-pound debt; and he left Accra studded with expensive
white elephants, such</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as this
massive saluting base here, in Black Star Square."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From an episode of]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>"HORIZON", BBCTV 1972</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Today, Black Star Square, built by Nkrumah
for mass parades to demonstrate</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>enthusiasm
for his rule, remains as a bleak reminder of his conceit."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Back to the unidentified voiceover]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Overlooking the Square was </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[is?]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Job 600", </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[a modernist state
venue]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> built by Nkrumah
specially for</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the OAU</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Organisation of African Unity]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> conference in 1965. It's never been used since."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Back to the 1972 <i>Horizon</i> episode]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "This luxury block was
to house the Pan-African Congress. </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[It]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> never came."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Back to the unidentified voiceover]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"There was the Accra–Tema motorway. Cost: six
million pounds – to duplicate a fast, good road</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>already in existence.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[with reverberation added:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "They say the Russians
actually managed to sell snow-ploughs to this</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>state in
equatorial Africa..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">For Ghana, the years
following Nkrumah's fall were ones of economic failure. The dam worked well,
but the industrial world that was to have sprung up around it failed to
materialise. Those Ghanaians who had been moved to make way for the dam found
themselves stranded in the wreckage of Nkrumah's dream.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Divine Tetteh</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, school teacher </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[at a]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> resettlement village</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I become quite disgusted because were are, directly,
about three miles from the Volta dam, but</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>we don't have power. No electricity, no water. So, my
feeling is that when we have </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[..?..]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, we can</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>do so much to help the nation.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Valco, the Volta Aluminium
Company, owned and run by the Kaiser Corporation, flourished. It employed over
fifteen hundred Ghanaians and brought precious foreign exchange into the
country. It used most of the dam's electricity and so allowed the Work Bank
loan to be paid off without interruption. The smelter became an integral part
of Kaiser's worldwide production of aluminium.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Ron Sullivan</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Kasier lawyer on Volta Project 1959–1979</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In a way, we looked at this as a gigantic
dry-cleaning plant. What we did was we sent alumina</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[aluminium oxide]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> from the United States to the smelter; the
smelter put electricity through it and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>took out the oxygen; and that made </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[aluminium]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> metal.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In the 1970s, electricity
prices soared throughout the world. Although the Ghanaians periodically
renegotiated </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">the price Kaiser paid, it
remained one of the lowest rates anywhere. This caused increasing resentment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Then, in 1979, there was
another military coup – the seventh since Nkrumah fell. It was led by a flight
lieutenant in the air force. He was determined to put Ghana back on its feet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From footage of address given by]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <b><i>Flt. Lt. Jerry Rawlings</i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"I must share this fact with you: that Ghana has
no money. We cannot build a bridge or make</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a road – or
give our people water or medicines – without borrowing from other countries. We</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have borrowed
so much that for every one hundred pounds we earn by selling our cocoa and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>other
exports, we use a sizeable </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> percentage to pay for some of our debts. We cannot continue</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to borrow and
be in debt all the time."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Rawlings became a popular
figure, on a par with Nkrumah. His main aim was to lift the burden of debt –
and one </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">of the most obvious
solutions was to get more money from the smelter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In 1983, his government put
together a team. Its task was to persuade Kaiser to renegotiate the agreements
signed with Nkrumah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Prof. Akilagpa Sawyerr</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Chairman, Ghana
negotiating team</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The new government decided to take the bull by the
horns and confront Kaiser directly. A number</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of things made them sit up and listen. I think they
were aware at all times that the new government</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in power was quite prepared to take drastic measures
– if necessary – to achieve the objective of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a new agreement.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They must have thought us... a bit of a joke. I
recall the first day </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> we met, when we had a lecture</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>from Kaiser about </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[..?..]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> team, </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[?</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">who were too many in the
room, for instance;</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> and I said
"Well, you</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>choose your team; we will choose our team."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We were young, green and inexperienced; and I</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>think they underrated us.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Valco's management agreed to
meet the Ghanaians. But the talks soon became bogged down in disagreement. The
Ghanaian team decided to raise the stakes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">J. G. A. Renner</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Minister for Lands and Natural Resources
1982–1986</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Then we started to... play our master plan. We
decided that we were going to nationalise – we</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>knew</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">that we wouldn't do it, but we wanted to put it strongly and send up a
paper to government</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>for permission to do that. We knew that it would leak
out and Kaiser would get the message.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Of course, we had another advantage; that was </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[that]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> the dam was shut down
because of the low</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>level </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[of water, presumably]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> and </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">we<i> had to decide when to </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[reopen it]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> – and we wouldn't </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[reopen it]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>until we got a good deal.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Interviewer, off-camera:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>So Kaiser would be left – </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Renner:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> ...<i>with a smelter that
was sitting there</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>doing nothing – and they would be losing money.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Although Kaiser deny that
the ploy worked, a completely new agreement was negotiated and signed in
January 1985. As part of it, the price Kaiser paid for electricity from the dam
was increased by nearly three times. The Ghanaian people saw it as a victory
for their country.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Akilagpa Sawyerr</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[...glitch...]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>for the country, experience has shown that it
requires a good deal more than that.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It requires a political environment; it requires a
whole range of international... understandings</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to make it possible to transform the potential which
science presents into actual achievement.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And, regrettably, Ghana was not able to draw upon
these other elements to make its vision of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"science and technology in the driving
seat" realisable.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sqn. Ldr. Clem Sowu</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Rawlings' government
1982–1985</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So, it is true that one needs political power; one
needs knowledge – that is also power – and then</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>one has to combine that with the energy – the
electrical power – for us to get to that paradise...</span></i></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XigdMTPUQik?feature=player_embedded" width="550"></iframe>
José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-49792047858638591702015-02-03T12:44:00.000+01:002015-02-03T12:44:30.659+01:00Pandora´s Box: A fable from the age of science, by Adam Curtis: 4.Goodbye Mrs Ant<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8oEGKd6uYqc/VNClMJ5H-JI/AAAAAAABS2E/Dr2lMPsINmk/s1600/NDVD_005.BMP" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8oEGKd6uYqc/VNClMJ5H-JI/AAAAAAABS2E/Dr2lMPsINmk/s1600/NDVD_005.BMP" height="480" width="550" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1qE9V0Z0S1w/VNCkZ09Ll1I/AAAAAAABS1o/wyUMDAIFiKw/s1600/Pandora_Box_titles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1qE9V0Z0S1w/VNCkZ09Ll1I/AAAAAAABS1o/wyUMDAIFiKw/s1600/Pandora_Box_titles.jpg" height="480" width="550" /></a></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>DE</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pandora's Box</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Adam Curtis, 1992</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Goodbye Mrs Ant</span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">PANDORA'S BOX</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">PROLOGUE</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">When Chemists were Heroes</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thomas Midgely was born in
1889. He became a chemist and an inventor. In 1921, he solved the problem of
knocking in car engines: he put lead in petrol. In 1930, he discovered a new
coolant for fridges. It was called by </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">its initials: CFC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Midgely became part of a
golden age of chemistry in America, in the thirties.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Clip from the 1940
DuPont film <i>A New World Through Chemistry</i>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In 1935, Midgely predicted
that in the future, chemistry would solve many of the world's great problems. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The ozone layer, he said,
could be altered to control the Sun's rays and allow scientists to govern the
world's </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">agriculture.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In 1940, Midgely contracted
polio. He built a pulley system to lift himself in and out of bed. But, in
1944, he </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">became trapped in it and
strangled himself.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">That same year, the American
army began mass-producing CFC to help spray a new – some said miracle –
chemical over the Pacific battlefields. It killed insects. It was called DDT.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">GOODBYE MRS ANT</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Professor Robert Metcalfe</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Metcalf?]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, entomologist, National Defence Research Committee 1943–1946</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I was a project officer in the first aerial
application of DDT that was ever made in the world, I</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>guess; and we flew it over several square miles of
jungle and I was walking around some kraals</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>we'd cut in the jungle floor and there was an
incredible, </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[in]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">describable rain of insects of all kinds</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>coming down out of the tops of these huge jungle
trees – a hundred to a hundred and thirty,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>forty, fifty feet; we got cerambycid beetles, beetles
of all descriptions – and probably many people</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>had never seen </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[them]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>or </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[?</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">if</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> anybody had ever seen</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[them]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, because they're in the
tops of the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>trees... I remember particularly some </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[..?..]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>of these long </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[..?..]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> beetles were coming down;
there</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>were wasps and bees of all descriptions and so forth </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[..?..]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>it was an incredible
experience; and I</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>guess what occurred to me then was that maybe this
was one of the best ways to collect insects</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and find out what kind of insects there truly were in
a representative area of the jungle... and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that's just one of the more innocent things I guess
one could read into it.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Period film showing Douglas C-47 (Dakota)s spraying Manila in the
Philippines]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Low-flying planes cover every section of
the city, from the coast of Manila Bay to the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>outlying
environs, in an effort to destroy the large numbers of flies and mosquitoes
plaguing</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the area ...
Prior to the spring, the populous was informed that the insecticide would not
injure</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>vegetation or
clothes."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Clip from black-and-white film featuring an unidentified man]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"In American bars, there was a drink which was
called "Mickey Slim"; and it was a good gin with</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a spot of DDT
in it. And this was supposed to give you a feeling of happiness and merriment
–"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Robert Metcalf</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>... then in Naples, in 1943 and '44, there was an
enormous epidemic of typhus transmitted by the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>human body louse; and </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[there were]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> about ten million
applications of DDT dusting powder </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[given]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to people and they wiped that out – and those things
got enormous publicity in household</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>magazines like </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Reader's Digest<i> ... Everybody wanted to try
DDT; and </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[the]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> civilian population</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>could hardly wait to get their hands on it when it
was released in 1945 for civilian use.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ILLINOIS</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Harry Renken</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, farmer</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Well, it was sort of a miracle that happened; and, by
word of mouth, it spread rapidly and I</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>think everyone tried it.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I remember one time in 1952; it was summertime and we
were going to have a birthday party</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>right here on the lawn – right here where we're
sitting – and the day before I sprayed all the grass</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>with water and DDT. And this got rid of the flies and
also killed mosquitoes; and, you know, flies</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in the afternoon – while the sun's shining – and
mosquitoes after dark; those are two things </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[that]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>if you could get away from them, you could have a
wonderful party out here – and we did. We</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>had a pest-free party out here </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[on]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> this farm.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Wilbert Joyce</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, farmer</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Chemical people would show us test plots and the
quality of the corn – and it would have little</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>small ears, for the weeds and the insects had taken
over; </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[but]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> where they'd used the chemicals,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the ears were bigger and the yield was two to three
times as much.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The United States was </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[on]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> a continent plagued with
insects. Farmers lived in perpetual fear of finding a new infestation. Whole
crops were regularly destroyed by pests. DDT and the other insecticides
invented in its wake promised victory in this war. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Shirley Briggs</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, biologist, US Fish and Wildlife Service
1945–1948</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>You don't in England... </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[have]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> anything like the insect
life that we have. You don't have to have</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>screens on the windows in many places – can't survive
here that way.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We are edgier about them. Anything with six legs
is... an enemy.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Brief clip (no
dialogue) from the movie]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>"EARTH VS. THE SPIDER"</i> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[released]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>1958</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Wilbert Joyce</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I've seen the time </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[when]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> full fields of crops would
be ruined </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[by]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> the insects before the chemicals</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[came]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> into effect. I can remember the cutworms and the wireworms would
absolutely clean</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the fields of corn and wheat; and there would be
nothing left to harvest. And then, when your</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>chemicals </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[came]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> along, you had this to eliminate the insects and... you had your crop
then.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Lillard Heddon</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, crop sprayer 1945–1983</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>It was a miracle chemical to us because we thought
it would control practically every insect ...</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>but I guess it was just the time and the period that
God had decided that he would let us discover</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>these chemicals and use them wisely; and... I suppose
everything, the whole system, is directed</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>by God, so I guess this was the time that we would
find our knowledge given by God would lead</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>us to find these natural resources to use, to
control... do away with some of the slave labour...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The incredible success of
insecticides led to a wave of invention. Chemists vied with each other to
design </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">new, more powerful products.
This, in turn, transformed other sciences – in particular, the study of
insects: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">entomology.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Entomologists had
traditionally been figures of fun; eccentric scientists who spent their time
classifying insects. But this was now important information for the chemical
companies. They began to employ large numbers of entomologists. In the process,
the focus of their science began to shift.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Professor Robert Metcalf</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, entomologist,
University of California 1948–1968</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We were fed these new chemicals so rapidly, many of
us didn't have any time to do anything else</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>but test the new chemicals – there seemed to be
chemicals being introduced into the pipeline </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[and]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>an inexhaustible pressure to put something out at the
other end; and, literally, we forgot about</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>good, basic entomology and became in a sense, I
think, handmaidens of the world chemical</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>industry.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The entomologists began to
discover what appeared to be serious side-effects. As they investigated the
effectiveness of large-scale spraying programmes, they found that many other
species of wildlife were being harmed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dr. Eugene Kenega</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, research entomologist, Dow Chemical Company
1940–1982</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We found out soon that there were some side-effects,
even as early as 1946 and '47, but the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>benefits were so great – we eradicated malaria from
the United States, let alone many other places</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in the world – and... so, there wasn't the public
pressure on...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We were killing off birds; in some cases, it was
quite obvious that these species were disappearing,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>starting in '47 or '48. And, by '53, even the birds
that lived quite a few years were beginning to</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>disappear; and they weren't replacing themselves
because the eggs weren't hatching.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">These side-effects led to
serious disagreements among the entomologists. At their annual conference in
1953, their president made an impassioned defence of the chemicals. His speech
was entitled "The Greater Hazard – Insects or Insecticides".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The choice, he said, was a simple one: either
continue spraying or return to the bad old days of starvation and disease.
Everything should be done to minimise the side-effects, but, ultimately, it was
a war of survival. Insecticides had already saved a hundred-million human lives
throughout the world.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Robert Metcalf</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At our scientific conferences and meetings, we were
completely immersed in a haze of propaganda</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>about chemicals. There were lavish hospitality
suites, banquets sponsored by the chemical</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>companies – and a great many entomologists were
employed by these companies; and I'm sure</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>they were absolutely convinced that what they were
doing was of fundamental and very valuable</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>importance to the world.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The chemical companies also
portrayed the battle against the insects as a necessary war. Promotional films
of the 1950s invoked Charles Darwin. They depicted it as part of the inevitable
struggle for existence.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Clip from such a film, <i>"Goodbye Mrs. Ant!" </i>(1959),
sponsored by the Velsicol Chemical Corporation]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Wherever man is, there the ant is also.
They seem to come from nowhere and suddenly</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are
everywhere at once, crawling over the food. As the hordes invade, man often
gives up his</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pleasures in
utter despair. It is the law of nature: the strong survive."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dr. Thomas Jukes</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, research chemist, American Cyanamid Company
1945–1963</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Now, in evolution, all species are essentially in
competition with each other and the ones that are</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>most successful survive. And insects, as it's been
said, will inherit the Earth, because they're so</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>successful. And insects carry diseases to human
beings, such as malaria; and when we spray to</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kill the insects, we're interfering with evolution –
if evolution were to proceed, then we would be</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>overwhelmed by the factors that are against us.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">James Moore</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, biographer of Charles Darwin</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When people in the post-war period spoke of a
"struggle" in nature, they were selecting one</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>aspect of Darwin's theories that suited their time.
Now, for Darwin, nature was a bloody</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>battlefield; there were winners and losers, victors
and vanquished. But this imagery took on</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>special significance in the Cold War years. In the
American midwest, when I was growing up,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the household aerosols were called "insect </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">bombs<i>".</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The point is that in these life-and-death struggles,
scientists believed they were seizing the power</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>from evolution and redirecting it by controlling the
environment. They took it on faith from the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>biologists that this is how the world works – and
then they chose to emphasise those aspects of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Darwin's theory which fitted in best with the
industrial programmes they were embarked upon.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This was not a neutral reading of Darwin at all; this
was an interested reading.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The first serious public
attack on the widespread use of pesticides came from Rachel Carson. She was a
biologist who had worked for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. In
the late fifties, she began collecting evidence of the side-effects; in
particular, studies which showed that DDT was becoming more concentrated as it
worked its way into the bodies of larger animals. In 1962, she wrote a book
called <i>Silent Spring</i>. It was an attack on the chemical companies.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Shirley Briggs</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, colleague of Rachel Carson in the </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[US]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Fish and Wildlife Service</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It started coming out in </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The New Yorker<i>. She kept it rather quiet; she
knew that the chemical</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>industry – or the part of it she was worrying about –
would react; and, sure enough, </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[an]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> official</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of the Velsicol chemical company wrote a very
threatening letter to Houghton Mifflin – "You must</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>not print this book!" – and came out with the
standard line, that they still use: "You see, if we stop</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>using all these pesticides, it would... simply ruin
the whole economy of the country. And this is a</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sinister plot by the far-left subversive forces"
– as they called them – "to destroy the United States."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Silent Spring</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> painted a dramatic picture
of a poisoned America. It caused an immediate sensation. It coincided with
revelations about thalidomide and the fallout of strontium-90 from nuclear
testing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gordon Edwards</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, entomologist</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>... I got the book and I went home and read </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[it. A]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">nd I got about two-thirds of
the way through</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the book and I saw so many things I knew were not
true that it bothered me. Then I set out to</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>make a lot of speeches to let people know what she</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Carson]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> had said and what was
really the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>truth; and many other people were doing the same
thing across the nation.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So, usually at some time during the talk, somebody
would be interested in "What about the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>effect on people?" And it was handy at that time
to have a box of DDT like this one</span></i><i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[he is holding</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>it in his hand]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> so I could just dump some
out in my hand </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[he does so, then starts licking the hand]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> and</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">take some of it, to show that it's not harmful to
people – never has been; no-one's ever been</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>killed by DDT... I've not even heard of them being
made ill by it, even when they attempt suicide.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In 1963, the book was made
the subject of an hour-long </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[CBS]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> TV special. Three of the programme's sponsors – food and chemical
manufacturers – withdrew in protest. Carson used the programme to widen her
attack on the chemical companies.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Clips from (presumably) the TV special]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Rachel Carson]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>"Now, to these people,
apparently, the balance of nature was something that</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>was... repealed as soon as man came on the scene. Well, you might just
as well</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>assume that you could repeal the law of gravity.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>"Man's attitude toward nature is,
today, critically important... simply because</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>we have now acquired a fateful power to alter and to destroy nature.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>"Well, unless we do bring these
chemicals under better control, we're certainly</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>headed for disaster."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Dr.
Robert White-Stevens</b>, chemical industry spokesman</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>"Miss Carson maintains that the
balance of nature is a major force in the survival</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>of man; whereas the modern chemist, the modern biologist, the modern
scientist</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>believes that man is steadily controlling nature.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>"If man were to faithfully follow
the teachings of Miss Carson, we would return to</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the Dark Ages; and the insects and diseases and vermin would once again
inherit</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the Earth."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Shirley Briggs</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The ironic thing was how Robert White-Stevens died:
he died as the result of the sting of a wasp.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In 1963, Rachel Carson died </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[from the
consequences of cancer]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">. Although her book had caused an outcry, it had no immediate effect on the
use of pesticides. But another attack on the chemical industry was about to be
launched, this time from the suburbs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Brief clip from
start of 1950s colour film entitled]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>THE QUIET REVOLUTION</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">America's suburbs had grown
enormously during the fifties, often on land made habitable for the first time </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">with the use of insecticides.
But continued spraying – to treat diseases such as Dutch Elm – now brought the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">side-effects of the
chemicals into the gardens of the wealthy and articulate middle classes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Lorri Otto</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, resident of Milwaukee suburb</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We live in what's called the "Gold Coast"
area – the wealthier people – and so we had money right</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>away to buy this stuff and the machinery and the
men... And so they went around and squirted</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>first of all from the ground; but that didn't last
very long. Soon, there was... a whole page in the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sunday </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Milwaukee Journal<i> on how, now, Shorewood and Fox Point and Bayside –
where I live –</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>were really going to take care of their elm trees;
and they had a photograph of a helicopter</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>spraying with DDT...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And not too long after that, the robins started going
into convulsions. It started out... you would</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>see the robin and you'd think it'll be alright; and
then, all of a sudden, this quivering would go on.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dr. Thomas Jukes</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, research chemist, American Cyanamid Company
1945–1963</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Those robins got in the way of the spray and they got
drenched with DDT; and they fell to the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ground and there they were twitching and paralyzed.
And that seemed like a terrible thing – and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>it was for those robins – but there were millions of
other robins that weren't being hurt at all.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Lorri Otto</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We would be awakened by this
"sh-sh-sh-sh-sh" of the </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[?</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">'copter</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> over the house;
and, one day,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I was so angry that... I raced up into the attic and
opened the dormer windows – in my little pink</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>nightie – and I climbed up on top of the roof and I
just stood there and shook my fist at them!</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Thomas Jukes</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>What happened next was... that there was a
spraying of DDT in Long Island and Mrs Yannacone</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>didn't like it.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Carol Yannacone</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[with]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <b>Victor Yannacone</b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Carol Yannacone:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>The first time I noticed it, I </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[was driving]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> past here on my way home
from work</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and there were dead fish for about ten feet out from
the side. This is noticeable as you drive by.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Victor Yannacone:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>The mass of fish killed in this lake – and,
as we later found out, other lakes –</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>were all ignored, largely because the suburban
population that was seeing this had nothing to</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>compare it against, having come from the concrete
canyons of Manhattan and Brooklyn and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Queens – where I came from – and not knowing what the
natural state was supposed to be.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The scientific community, which should've been
observing all of this, was too busy making new</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>products or living in their ivory towers: "Let
us take charge. We will bring you better things for</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>better living, through chemistry."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Victor Yannacone was a
lawyer. Together with two local biologists, he founded the Environmental
Defense Fund. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Its aim was to legally
challenge the use of DDT and other pesticides.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Their argument was that the
chemicals were spreading in uncontrollable ways, becoming more poisonous as
they did so. One of the strongest pieces of evidence was the disappearance of
the peregrine falcon. DDT was being found in their bodies and their eggs were
failing to hatch. Two ornithologists set out to count the falcon population.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Daniel Berger</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, ornithologist, University of Wisconsin </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 1965–1968</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We were simply going to follow a route from northern
Alabama all the way up to the state of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Maine. And we started in... I believe it was early
April – and birds should be on location at that</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>time. And we simply worked our way northward; and we
followed a very torturous route and we</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>checked something like a hundred and thirty sites or
something like that in the course of the next</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>three months, driving a little over fourteen thousand
miles.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We found zero. Not one peregrine falcon.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In 1968, the Environmental
Defense Fund discovered an obscure law in the midwestern state of Wisconsin. It
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">allowed anyone a legal
hearing if they believed they could prove water pollution in the state.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Using this as a pretext, the
Fund engineered a hearing; and, in November 1968, a small group of them
travelled to Madison, the capital of Wisconsin, in the heartland of America's
agriculture. The hearing was held in the vast </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">State Legislature. It
quickly became a trial of DDT.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The star was Victor
Yannacone. His main aim was to get the public's attention </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[and]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> explain why tiny amounts of
a chemical could have such large effects.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Victor Yannacone</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We had to explain that a part per million was
significant. We did this by calling a very prominent</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>scientist from the pro-DDT camp and we asked him a
very simple series of questions. "Doctor, do</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>you have any idea what the purpose of the hormones
that flow in your blood is?" – "Ye</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[s." –</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"T]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">hey're responsible for your secondary sex
characteristics: the hair on your head, the hair on</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>your chest, the tone of your voice – right?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Do you have any idea what the level of
testosterone in</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>your bloodstream is necessary to give you that lovely
shock of white hair, all that hair on the chest</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and the grandchildren that you're so proud
of?"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And he finally admitted that
it was five parts per</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>million. I said: "Well, do you have any idea
what would happen if the level of testosterone in your</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>blood should drop to as low as three and a half parts
per million?"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He averred he didn't
know</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and I said: "Well, you know that that hair of
yours would change, the hair on your chest would</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>disappear, the hair on the rest of your body would
change, </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[falsetto:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>your voice would go up to a</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>little squeak </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[back to normal voice]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> – and you sure as hell wouldn't have any grandchildren!"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The public got the point. One part per million could
be very significant.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The Madison hearing soon
became headline news, with both sides claiming that everything America stood
for was at stake.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Thomas Jukes</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At the height of the battle over DDT, I wrote a poem
and sent it to </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Time<i> magazine. It was a parody</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[of]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "America, the Beautiful" and I'll sing
it for you:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>"Oh, beautiful for bug-filled
skies / For weevils in our grain / For apple scab and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>stable flies / Please bring these back again / Malaria, malaria, red
blood cells</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>harbour thee / Where Rocky Mountain fever thrives / Where babies have TB
/</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Where parasites take human lives / Why, that's the land for me!</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>"Malaria, malaria, my spleen will
welcome thee / Restore the sickness grandpa</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>knew / By banning DDT!"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dr. Hugh Iltis</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, ecologist, University of Wisconsin 1968</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>...Yannacone looked at me long and hard and </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[said]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">: "I think he'll
do."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And then he looked at me</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[said]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">: "Can you, between now and tomorrow, put together a lecture of about
forty slides of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>all the different pictures of the Wisconsin ecosystem
so it'll be not only beautiful but emotionally</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>rich and will affect the people who listen to
it?"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[I said]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">: "I'll try...!"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Next day, I came here </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[the State
Legislature]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> and gave this talk with beautiful slides of the prairies</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and the woods of Wisconsin ... It was, I'm sure, the
first time anybody has ever shown wild flowers</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in the chambers of the Wisconsin Legislature.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In the late sixties, ecology
was a modest scientific backwater. Ecologists spent their time studying the
mutual dependence and balance of all the inhabitants of a particular area. But
for Yannacone, ecology was a powerful weapon with which to attack the defenders
of DDT – especially the entomologists. It gave him a scientific basis </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[from which]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> to challenge the idea of
evolution they used to justify the large spraying programmes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Victor Yannacone</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The entomologists, who should've known better – and
now, thirty years later, admit they</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>should've known better – simply saw the death and the
extinction of what we now know to be</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>beneficial insects as the operation of the
fundamental laws of survival and evolution. What they</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>didn't realise was </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[that]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> the kind of evolution they
were looking toward was the evolution of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>monsters arising from garbage dumps; of
chemically-deformed animals and plants. What they</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>thought would come out of this was a simplified world
ecosystem, with "good" plants </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[and]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "bad"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>plants – weeds; "good" insects,
"bad" insects; "good" animals – the ones we eat – </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[and]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "bad"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>animals, the ones that take up space...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">There was a problem, though.
If human begins were inextricably interwoven with other parts of nature, as
ecology said, where were the effects of DDT on humans?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In thirty years, no worker in the DDT
factories had </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">been poisoned. The defenders
made great play of this at the hearing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But then, in early 1969, the
Environmental Defense Fund received some unexpected news.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Hugh Iltis</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A Swedish chemist by the name of Goran Lofroth wrote
a letter saying they </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[had]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> found, in almost</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>all women in Sweden, DDT in </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> mothers' milk. Well, we
went to my house </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[and]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> we finally said "Hey,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>let's call up Sweden!" – and we did; we got him </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Lofroth]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> out of bed – </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[it]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> must've been four o'clock
in</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the morning </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[there]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">. He spoke pretty good
English: "What do you want?"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[We]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> said: "We want you</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in Madison!"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He said he would come.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thursday came and went; Friday, at ten o'clock,
people went out to the airport – it was all</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>hush-hush</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[. T]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">he testimony was droning on and on and on: the-pesticide-this and
the-chickens-that</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and the-eggs-this and so forth and so on – my God,
one just... hours... I mean, we have... after all,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>we have fourteen of these volumes </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[he has picked one
up]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, two-thousand
eight-hundred pages of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>testimony; the stenographers went bananas.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Anyway, at eleven thirty, somebody
"hi-ho"ed me – a little sign</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[he is gesticulating with his little</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>finger]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> – and we went outside the hall; and, sure
enough, there was Goran Lofroth with his little</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>suitcase.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the mean</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[time]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, of course, we </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>called </i>The New York Times<i>, </i>The Chicago Tribune<i>, </i>The
Washington</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Post<i>; all these reporters were waiting in the wing</i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[s]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> ... and then, for the next
three hours, Goran</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lofroth laid it on the line that if babies </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>drink milk </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[from]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> cows that grazed on land
that was</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sprayed with DDT, their fat is going to contain DDT;
and not only this, but fat, of course, is in the </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>brain – most </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[of the]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>brain is fat – </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[so]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>it would be loaded with
DDT. By Sunday: front page of the </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">New York Times<i>.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And the opposition was just livid with rage, but we
won that one.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Gordon Edwards</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When I heard of the ban, I really felt bad about it,
because I felt it was a victory against science.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And I felt that scientists and industry had a place
in this country and </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[were]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>certainly being</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>undermined by the statements about pesticides in
general; it's gotten worse since then, of course.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After banning DDT, the others were easy. Somebody
said maybe because DDT was so easy to</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>spell that people immediately thought about it.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Where once chemicals were
seen as good, now they were banned. In the early 1970s, press and television
became fascinated by any reports of the side-effects of pesticides and
herbicides – and, above all, by the effects on human beings.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">News report, Arizona 1972</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Woman:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "The first analysis was phoned to me yesterday to say they have found
the residues of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2,4-D</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">. So, I guess I'm
the first documented case to say it </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">is<i> residual</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the human
body after you've been exposed to it."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The battle against DDT had
been won, ultimately, by evidence of its presence in humans. Now the
Environmental Defense Fund placed advertisements in the national papers
implying that DDT caused cancer. Donations flooded in, but the decision split
the leadership.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b><i>Victor Yannacone</i></b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Environmental Defense Fund and Carol and I parted
company over the issue of whether the shift</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>should be from the questions that we were sure of –
that DDT was bad for the environment – to the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>speculation that DDT might cause cancer. I don't
believe in going to court on speculation. I go to</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>court on relatively solid evidence.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>DDT is not good for mammalian systems. It damages the
nervous system; it damages the liver</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>enzyme systems; it causes some problems. It is not a
strong carcinogen; it is not – except in very</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>large doses – associated with serious human health
hazard</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[s]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">. Its real problem
is that it </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[has]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>capacity, had it continued to be used at the rate it
was being used, to literally destroy almost the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>entire world</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">['s]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> natural ecological system
upon which we really depend; and </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[that]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> would have meant</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the ultimate collapse of the human species as </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[an]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> animal species.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The DDT hearing was a
watershed; not just for the battle against chemical pollution, but for the
science of </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ecology. Ecologists became
influential figures, giving scientific advice in the battles against other
pesticides.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But, in the process, their
science was transformed. It became the guiding force of the environmental
movement.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Langdon Winner</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, historian of science</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Beginning with the unintended consequences of DDT,
the science of ecology had emerged as a</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>useful tool in science; and many people began to see
it as something that could be drawn upon</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>for moral enlightenment as well – the notion of
everything being connected to everything else.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Lillard Heddon</b>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I remember the first time I ever heard the word
"environmentalist" on the air was on an Arthur</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Godfrey show; and he was trying to explain what it
was – and it was hard for him to explain what</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[?</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">era</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> was, so... It was
really a new era.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Period film
(colour, 1970s?) featuring a Native American character canoeing from the wild
to a littered industrial harbour</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">and then visiting a littered highway]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Some people have a deep, abiding respect
for the natural beauty that was once</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>this country.
And some people don't.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"People start pollution – people can stop
it."</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From a ?newsreel]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Two days ago, a man whose controversial
predictions of a forthcoming global</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>catastrophe
have made him an international figure arrived at London's Heathrow Airport. He</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is Paul
Ehrlich, Professor of Biology at Stanford University in California and the
chief spokesman</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for the
so-called "ecological movement".</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Interviewer (off-camera):]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Dr Ehrlich, just how
realistic is your projected theory of the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>"eco-catastrophe"?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Ehrlich:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Well, I think that it's getting more
realistic all the time; the signs are getting worse, but</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I still have
considerable hope because although governments are very slow, people all over
the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>world are
awakening very rapidly to what the real danger is."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In much the same way as the
science of entomology had been changed in the 1950s, now ecology was
transformed by the social and political pressures of the early seventies.
Ecologists became the moral and spiritual </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">guardians of a new view of
the human relationship to nature.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">And they, too, cited
Darwin's laws to prove that their view was correct.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dr. Hugh Iltis</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, ecologist</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nature has a set of laws that all organism</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[s]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> have to obey, by necessity,
because that's the way</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>they evolve; and this applies to human beings very
much so.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[..?..]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> you need to introduce into our lives nature </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<i>sic</i>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, it is a need that is
enormously deep. Look</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>around you, wherever you go, into homes. There are
not only living flowers, there are not only</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>aquaria and pets – look at the wall</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[s]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">; what do we see?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sunflowers by van Gogh or irises by van</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gogh; or pictures, photographs of landscapes. You
don't see </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[in a]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> frame in a house a picture of a</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>crankshaft from a Ford... or a tin can, squashed; </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[but]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> in modern art – which is a
sick art because</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>it reflects the confusion in the human mind – </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[then]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> yes, indeed.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">James Moore</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, biographer of Charles Darwin</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Darwin's so big that he can support any number of
generalisations about the world. I mean, given</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Darwin's image as a scientific saint, people
inevitably try to get him on the side of their view of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>nature. Now, Darwin was complex ... In </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The Origin of Species<i>,
for example, the metaphors tumble</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>over one another in the most unscientific way. Sure,
nature's seen as being at war; but nature is</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>also likened to a web of complex relations. And here,
then, was another aspect of Darwin for</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>people to seize on for their own purposes. Darwin
gave them a basis for urging us not to take</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>control of nature but to cooperate with it, to stay
within its balance. Again, Darwin serves up</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>slogans.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the public imagination, scientific theories are
something fixed; and if they're good theories and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>accepted by creditable people, well, then they're
absolute and that's that. What people don't</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>understand is that scientific theories never have a
single meaning. They become a cultural</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>property; they are useable, serviceable for different
interested parties.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">TWENTY YEARS LATER</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">LOS ANGELES</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The story of DDT continues.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The head of a large property
company has called a press conference to announce that he has stopped
construction in one of his skyscrapers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From TV footage of media and other people milling around on an unfinished
floor of a skyscraper]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Reporter with microphone:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> What's happening here this
morning?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Spokesperson (the company head? (J. Snyder?))]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Well, the peregrine falcons have been
nesting in this building for five years and, every</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>year, the Peregrine Society comes and
retrieves the eggs; the eggs will not hatch here</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>due to DDT contamination </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[making them]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> too weak for the bird to sit on.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Each year, they bring back a small
baby for the bird so that they feel they've completed</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>the cycle.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Media
representative</b>, J. H. Snyder Company</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Basically, the people are here because
it's not just a story about <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the
eggs being laid and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>gathered; it's a story about how this
particular developer, the J. H. Snyder Company,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>has literally </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<i>sic</i>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> suspended construction in
this area during the mating season of these</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>particular birds... and </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> it's an excellent idea of
how developers and businesspeople can</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>participate in environmental concerns.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Daniel Berger</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, ornithologist</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>You saw the number of TV cameras and the media people
who were up here today watching the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>manipulation going on. This, in effect, is really a
myth being born – or being fostered, at any rate.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The myth in this case is that the peregrine falcon is
sacred. Granted, it's a precious species – we</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>were about to lose it, perhaps, a number of years
ago; now we have peregrines back in good</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>numbers </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[and]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> there've been dramatic
recoveries...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I think it's just an unrealistic attitude about how
sensitive parts of nature are.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Victor Yannacone</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At the start of the DDT litigation in 1966, science
had become the way that </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> human beings could</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>avoid responsibility: "Science will take care of
us!". After the DDT wars, we knew that science was</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>not necessarily going to be the answer – but mankind
in the twentieth century </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">still<i> wanted to avoid</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>responsibility for </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[its]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> own</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>individual</i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[s']</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> actions. Now it's nature
that's going to permit us to shift</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the responsibility from human beings to some force
that we don't have to take responsibility for.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">CALIFORNIA</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Joan Fairfax</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, The Ojai Foundation</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What we're talking about is a very profound internal
shift of attitude and of values. This is the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>gift of ecology to human beings – and really to all
species – today. And that gift can give rise to</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>not utopia but ecotopia, which is this profound sense
of place; the sense of coming home at last.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">THE EAST COAST</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Langdon Winner</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, historian of science</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The kinds of ideas about ecology and environment that
we see today I don't believe are any more</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>scientific or rational than previous notions of
nature. In both cases, people that talk about them</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>are saying "Look, this is scientific; I'm not
making this up. These are not my hopes and dreams;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>this is what science tells us."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But, in both cases, I think what you can see
happening is particular</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kinds of social ideals being read back to us as if
they were lessons derived from science itself. In</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the case of contemporary ecology, it seems to me that
what we're actually getting is a kind of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>utopia of a perfectly constructed, complex universe
of natural things; and from that universe</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>one tries to derive various kinds of laws that can
help us live better as human beings.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Joan Fairfax</b>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I think it is a moral lesson. There is a possibility
for a kind of utopia. We've dreamed about it and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that possibility exists in our future.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Langdon Winner</b>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The scientific and technological notions of the 1950s
– the ideas of endless possibilities for </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[the]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>exploitation of nature – are now seen as
ill-conceived and ill-guided. I'm haunted by the possibility</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that the ideas of ecology that we now embrace today
may, in thirty or forty years, seem similarly</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ill-conceived – and they're no more scientific than,
let's say, other notions of nature that we have</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>looked to in the past.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Victor Yannacone</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At least, when science was our guide, we felt that we
were actively doing something; we were in</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>control. Now there are too many people that say
"There's nothing I can do – nature will take care</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of it; I just will continue, fat, dumb and happy, the
way I am."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We must go back to the simple lesson of history:
Every human being, concerned enough, dedicated</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>enough and willing to make the sacrifice, can change
the world around them.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In 1860, Charles Darwin
wrote to a friend in America about whether it is possible to seek divine
providence in nature. "I feel most deeply", he said, "that the
whole subject is too profound for the human intellect. A dog might as well
speculate on the mind of Newton. Yet each man hope and believe what he
can."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Lillard Heddon</b>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Interviewer (Adam Curtis),
off-camera:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Do you think we'll ever know what's best?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Heddon:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> We will, one day, but it won't be here, on
Earth, in our lifetime. We'll know... When we</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>get to heaven, we'll know what's best.</span></i></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ERLtyaugzw4?feature=player_embedded" width="550"></iframe>José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-91284677104168952022015-02-03T12:43:00.000+01:002015-02-03T12:43:20.448+01:00Pandora´s Box: A fable from the age of science, by Adam Curtis: 3. The League of Gentlemen<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hwjwTThOOeM/VNCk44ZRhkI/AAAAAAABS10/sfdnv9Lznyc/s1600/NDVD_003.BMP" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hwjwTThOOeM/VNCk44ZRhkI/AAAAAAABS10/sfdnv9Lznyc/s1600/NDVD_003.BMP" height="480" width="550" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Wi88paWfNtk/VNCk8gmMoYI/AAAAAAABS18/ZlYKyI3LZxA/s1600/Pandora_Box_titles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Wi88paWfNtk/VNCk8gmMoYI/AAAAAAABS18/ZlYKyI3LZxA/s1600/Pandora_Box_titles.jpg" height="480" width="550" /></a></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>DE</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pandora's Box</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Adam Curtis, 1992</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The League of Gentlemen</span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">PANDORA'S BOX</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A fable from the age of
science</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">For the last thirty years,
politicians in Britain have tried to build a new prosperity. They wanted to
make an old </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">nation that had fallen
behind in the world recapture the glories of its past.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">They turned for help to what
they believed was a science of money. One after another, Labour and
Conservative governments became convinced that if they followed what they
thought </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[was]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> a set of scientific
laws, the </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">economy would grow faster.
The perceived tide of decline could </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[be]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> reversed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But instead of restoring the
country's fortunes, the economic experiments failed to halt Britain's relative
decline. This is the odd story of how politicians came to believe there was a
technical way to make Britain great again.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">THE LEAGUE OF GENTLEMEN</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Alan Whicker narrates a]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>1960</i> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[film]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Caption in film:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WE THE BRITISH</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Caption in film:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ARE WE IN DECLINE?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>"Ten years ago, one car in every three bought
in Sweden was British. Today, we've less than ten</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>percent.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Now that's a sad story. But let's take a quick
sample here on this bridge in central Stockholm and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>see just what
the Swedes </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">are<i> driving... Well, there's a Swedish Volvo... a Swedish Saab... that
is</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>another
Swedish Volvo over there... a Swedish Volvo..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Michael Posner</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, economist</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One after another, other European countries </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> who we were used to
thinking of </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[as]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> nice guys but</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>poorer </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> began to get within shouting distance of us and passing us; it was
like being in a sailing</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>race and seeing people you didn't think were good
enough or hadn't scraped the bottom of their</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>boat well enough nevertheless overhauling you </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Back to the Whicker film]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>"... a German Ford truck... an English Zephyr
</i>–<i> congratulations, Ford... a Mercedes-Benz..."</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Michael Posner</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>People began insistently to ask: "If they can
once get on the growth path of that steepness, won't</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>they soon overtake us properly?"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Whicker film]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>"... and a Volkswagen. Well, in that lot, one
British car </i>–<i> one Ford."</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">What was holding Britain
back, it was decided, was the old-fashioned idea that the civil servant's job
was simply to keep the economy stable. In 1961, the Conservative government set
up "Neddy" – the National Economic Development Council – in what had
been a gentlemen's club in Westminster. It was advised by young economists
convinced they could make the economy grow much faster. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sir Donald MacDougall</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Economic Director, NEDC
1962–1964</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Walks into shot through door into empty room]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>Ah, yes, this is my old
room </i>–<i> a splendid room, isn't it?</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yes... I'm sorry it's all boarded up </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> the windows there </i>–<i>
because, you know, there's a balcony out</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>there... As you know, the growth target of Neddy was
four percent a year between 1961 and 1966</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and I had visions of myself getting out onto that
balcony at the end of 1966 and proclaiming to the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>cheering crowds below "Four percent </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> we've done it!".</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Many of this generation of
economists had been taught with the aid of a large machine worked by water.
Built by Bill Phillips, an engineer-turned-economist, it has lain disued for
years.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Colin Carter</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, London School of Economics</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Reza Moghadam</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, London School of Economics</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Carter, pointing out various parts of the water
machine as it operates:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>... that powers these two... parts</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>over here, which is where money can actually come
into the economy. The actual water flowing</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>round is the money going through the economy...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Moghadam, also pointing out various parts of the
machine as he speaks:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> That's... enabled you to</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>illustrate, for instance, what would happen if you
tried to grow the economy, pump more money</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>into the economy. For instance, you could increase
government expenditure and see what the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>effect of that is through the workings of the economy
</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> the interaction
of all the variables </i>–<i> on</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>growth. Of course, if the economy is very prone to
imports, people might simply spend their</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>money to... import foreign goods. Or, if the economy
is operating at a high level of activity, then</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that would lead to inflation.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Neddy's economists did not
have a new theory, but they believed they could use existing techniques in a
new way. They saw themselves as followers of the economist </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[John]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Maynard Keynes. He had
shown how to manage an economy by increasing or decreasing demand. The problem
was that every time you increased demand too much, imports flooded in and wages
rose. But Neddy's economists were convinced they could control a boom. They
would plan investment in industry and the government would hold inflation down.
The bad old days of stop/go would be over.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From TV recording
of]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <b><i>Reginald
Maudling</i></b><i>, Chancellor of the Exchequer 1963 </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[giving a speech (at
that year's</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Conservative Party conference?)]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Our plans for the future of Britain in the
coming year are clear and comprehensive. We've</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>accepted with
enthusiasm the Neddy target of a four-percent growth rate and all our actions</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have been
designed to achieve it. This nation must not jog along </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> this nation must be
inspired</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with the
determination to achieve great things."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">By 1963, the economists'
promises seemed to be coming true. The Conservatives had poured money into the
economy; and, sure enough, it had begun to grow. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Michael Posner</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>They had placed their bets on growth. They talked
about it a lot; there was an announcement</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>about it, white papers, speeches and all the rest. In
our system of politics, when something</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>important like that is put on the table by the
government of the day, the Opposition has to</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>respond to it.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From footage of a]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> PARTY POLITICAL BROADCAST ON BEHALF OF THE LABOUR PARTY </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[given by George Brown]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, <i>1964</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"My purpose tonight is to have a word with you
about the future of Britain.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"The outstanding thing we ought to do,
obviously, is to get up our economic strength...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>operating a
national plan; a plan for steady, continuous, controlled production and
expansion."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Labour promised a national
plan, run by a separate department of economic affairs under George Brown. It </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">would make Britain grow by a
quarter in just six years.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">It was a seductive dream for
a socialist party, for if the economists could produce this growth, then Labour's
leaders would avoid what they had always thought inevitable: the battle to
redistribute the country's wealth. Instead, there would be more for everyone.
But it all depended on the economists' promises that they had the technical
solutions to the politicians' problems.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Professor Charles Goodhart</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Economic Adviser to the
Department of Economic Affairs 1965–1967</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We saw ourselves as providing the politicians with a
potential menu of outcomes, which, if the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>politicians would give us some indication, then we
could set the instruments in such a way as</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>we could deliver </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> reasonably enough, give or take the various
shocks that would occur in the</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>economy </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> the kind of outcomes that the politicians wanted.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But Labour had come to power
just as the boom the Conservatives had begun was overheating. Imports were
flooding in and wages rising. This was the point when, in the past, a halt
would have been called. But Labour were </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">determined to press on.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Labour had missed out a
vital component from the plan, the economists told them. They should devalue
the pound and so make Britain's exports cheaper. But, in the politicians' eyes,
devaluation would undermine precisely what they were trying to achieve: </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[making]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Britain great again.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Rt. Hon. Tony Benn MP</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, member of Labour Cabinet
1964–1970</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Harold]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>Wilson was a great one who believed in </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[for believing in?]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>sterling. Sterling was
at the</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>centre of everything... and he always said that he
would defend the pound; and we'd have a</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>place east of Suez; and... It was a sort of
nationalism of a kind.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sir Donald MacDougall</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Director-General,
Department of Economic Affairs 1964–1968</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After that, all talk of devaluation by economists and
everyone else was forbidden. I personally</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>used to do little sums on scraps of paper in my room
in the DEA; and, when anyone opened the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>door, I would hastily put them into my drawer.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">By 1965, the boom was
clearly out of control. Faced with inflation, the government tried to hold down
wages and prices, but to no avail. It also faced repeated runs on the pound, as
foreign investors lost confidence in Labour's </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">management of the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[...glitch...]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">now became a game between
the politicians – whose fortunes depended on it – and their economists, who had
begun to realise that the economy was now far beyond their control. They were
being used.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Brian Reading</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Department of Economic Affairs 1964–1966</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I think the moment I really realised it was a gimmick
was when... after we'd finished work on it</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and it was the summer </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> I think it was the summer of 1965 </i>–<i> I
hadn't very much to do and so I</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>decided I'd look at the details of the plan and see
all the different measures </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> the things like the</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>decision that you'd double expenditure on
road-building, for instance </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and try and work out</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>what effects these might have on the growth rate of
the country. And I laboriously worked</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>through </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[them]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, making my best guesses and calculations </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> not having been particularly told to</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>do this by anybody </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and came up with the results; and they were
well, well short of anything</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that might've produced the twenty-five percent
growth. And I wandered along to my seniors</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and said "Hey, look, I've done this useful
little exercise..." and they weren't in the least interested.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[They wanted]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> nothing to do with it at all.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Start of TV programme <i>24 Hours</i>, presented by Cliff Michelmore, on]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>July 20th 1966</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Michelmore:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>"The fight for the pound is on. After
last week's depressing trade figures and the</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rise in the
bank rate, after a weekend of growing speculation and three days of shoring up
the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pound in the
foreign exchange market, Mr Harold Wilson himself cried "Stop!" </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Andrew
Shonfield</b>, economist</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>"What went wrong was that
foreigners who hold the pound decided, in unison,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that Britain was no longer to be trusted </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> there was a wave, there
was a mood;</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>"... and what the government has
done is to respond to the mood by producing</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>something which demonstrates a will to deflate this economy </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> which is bound</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to crush it, in my view.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>"... In other words, we're
condemned to no growth..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The attempt to plan growth
had failed. Britain was left with little expansion and political disaster. Most
economists blamed it on the government's failure to devalue. Few asked whether
the weakness of Britain's currency was really a symptom of something much
deeper, far beyond the power of their techniques to deal </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">with.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A year later, the government
bowed to the inevitable and devalued. But it was far too late: the economy had
long ago come juddering to a stop.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Michael Posner</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Economic Adviser to the Treasury 1967–1969</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As a result of that experience, we had to abandon the
notion </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> tacitly and slowly, but abandon</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>it all the same </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> that the planning apparatus itself was the
unique and certain method of</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>achieving the aim of faster growth. We still believed
in faster growth; and we still, many of us,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>thought that it was obtainable – but this particular
path to its achievement was no longer key,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>was no <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>longer
essential; would no longer be relied upon.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In the early seventies, many
economists began to find they no longer understood how money behaved. The new
Conservative government under Edward Heath had tried what was called a
"dash for growth"; they poured in money by liberalising credit and
increasing public spending. For a moment, the economy boomed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But then the strangest thing happened: prices
and unemployment began to rise together. People called it "stagflation".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Professor Alan Budd</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Economic Adviser to the
Treasury 1970–1974, interviewed June 1991 when economic adviser to Barclays
Bank</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Now, I happened to arrive in the Treasury in 1970.
When I got there, people really felt that they</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>didn't quite understand how the economy worked any
more; and one particular example of this<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>was that we saw unemployment and inflation rising at
the same time </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and that was something</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that should've been quite impossible.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And while this was going on, there, sitting in
Chicago, in the States, were the monetarists, who</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>said "No, we know perfectly well what's going
on; we can explain it – you've been led astray by</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>your Keynesian beliefs </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and we can explain precisely what's going
on; and it's all to do with the</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>growth of the money supply.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Professor Milton Friedman</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, monetarist economist</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I and people who believed the way we did were saying
that a continuation of the policies was</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>going to lead to higher inflation and more
unemployment.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It represented a recognition that fine efforts to
produce paradise on Earth were producing</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>something very different </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[from]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> what was intended.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Friedman argued that any
attempt to money into the economy to make it grow was doomed to failure. But he
was not challenging the idea of the economy as a predictable system; only how
it worked. He considered his laws were as powerful and objective as those of
the physical sciences.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Milton Friedman</b>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It was scientific. Inflation isn't a communist
phenomenon; it's not a capitalist phenomenon </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> it's</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a printing-press phenomenon. That's a scientific
statement.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And you will only have inflation if the quantity of
money increases more rapidly than output; you</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>can only stop inflation by slowing down the rate of
monetary growth.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Monetarism offered an
attractive technical explanation for the problem of inflation. But from it
would come, in less than ten years, another scheme for Britain's salvation: a
set of "scientific" rules, which, if the politicians </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">followed them correctly,
would create the right conditions for economic growth.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">It began with a
disillusioned group of economists. They included two influential journalists:
Peter Jay of <i>The Times</i> and Sam Brittan of <i>The Financial Times</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sam Brittan</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, The Financial Times</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Smiling knowingly]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>We were found to be "stimulating"
and "interesting" </i>–<i> which are the English</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>words for damning people </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and we were always regarded as good for a
puzzling interlude in a</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>programme such as this </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Brittan is referring to]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>THE MONEY PROGRAMME </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[of which a brief clip from
an episode broadcast in]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 1972</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[is shown]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>If there was one place where we tended to bump into
each other, it was the Institute of Economic</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Affairs.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Lord Harris of Highcross</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, President of the Institute
of Economic Affairs</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Milton Friedman would... we'd set up a table here, to
maximise the array of people that we could</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>fit in </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> we could probably fit in twenty or twenty-five people in this small
room </i>–<i> and he would</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>develop his arguments briefly, very emphatically, in
strong form. And he would say "If you want</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>details of this, particular episodes in American
history, I could go back to that..."; and then the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>discussion would take place.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Alan Budd</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>To start with, I must admit I didn't believe the
monetarists for a moment. It just seemed totally</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>implausible; this was the sort of economics that I'd
been told to discard all the time I'd been</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>learning economics </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> it was a joke, really; it wasn't to be taken
seriously. Whatever else one used</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to explain inflation, it wasn't the money supply.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In February of 1974, Edward
Heath's government fell amid power cuts, a three-day week and never-ending </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">inflation. They were direct
consequences of his crude "dash for growth". </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The time was ripe for the
monetarists; in particular Alan Walters, a professor from the London School of
Economics. He began to attract both press and politicians with apocalyptic
warnings of what was to come.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From a TV programme shown in]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>July 1974</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Walters:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>"... a reduction in output; an increase in unemployment; and, at
the same time,</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>rampant inflation </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> inflation of the order of perhaps thirty
percent; perhaps even increasing as</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>we go on. There is a real danger of
hyperinflation."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Lord Joseph</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, member of Conservative cabinet 1970–1974</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Alan Walters had snubbed me when I went back to meet
old friends, once </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[...]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> the government</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>fell and </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[...]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> I was back as a Member of Parliament without a government post. Alan
Walters</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>refused to shake my hand; he said "You've been
debauching the currency </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> why should I welcome</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>you back?"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>And I started to rethink what we'd been up to and a fellow called Alfred
Sherman was</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>very influential in convincing me </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> he used to say
"Don't you know? Keynes is dead! Keynes is</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>dead!"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
didn't understand what he meant.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sir Alfred Sherman</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He turned to me for help; and I managed to persuade
him </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[to]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> go further and look at the whole</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Keynesian mumbo-jumbo </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> the panacea </i>–</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Keith Joseph toured the
country, translating monetarism into a political programme. The primary job of
economics was no longer to create employment, he said; it was to reduce
inflation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Lord Joseph</b>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After having failed to persuade the Shadow Cabinet to
reconsider our economic policies, I</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>warned them that I'd have to make a speech. Well, the
speech was made </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> I remember... I</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>remember that I said to Sam Brittan, who looked at
one of the drafts: "This speech has been</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>through nine drafts </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> we're trying to get it right!" and
Alfred Sherman from the background</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>said "Yes, I wrote thirteen of
them..!"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Well, we slogged at that
speech.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Footage of <b>Lord Joseph</b> speaking on]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>4th September 1974 </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[in]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Preston</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"...is threatening to destroy our society. The
distress and unemployment that will follow unless</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the trend is
stopped will be catastrophic.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Inflation is caused by spending more than we
produce </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> too much money chasing too few</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>goods;
deficit financing; printing money. Mild inflation seemed a painless way of
maintaining</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>full
employment, encouraging growth and expanding the social services. We now have
seen</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that
inflation has turned out to be a mortal threat to all three."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But Labour was in power. As
before, they had inherited the chaos of a Conservative boom. Yet this time,
none of the traditional Keynesian methods offered them any help, because
inflation and unemployment were rising together. It was something the
Keynesians believed impossible. By the end of 1975, the economists advising the
government were lost.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gordon Pepper</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, City stockbroker 1962–1990</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>My memory is – I think it was a dinner party I'd
deliberately organised, where the main economic</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>models were there: the Treasury was represented, the
Bank </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[of England]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>was represented, the</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>National Institute of Economic and Social Research,
London Business School...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>...and I was a fly on the wall. And</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>they were talking about
the medium-term projection in their</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>models </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and they were unanimous: that they could not project what was going to
happen </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[to]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>inflation, or to unemployment or the balance of
payments. There's almost total agreement around</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the room that the UK was in serious danger of going
into absolute decline </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> that was negative</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>growth, not just growing at a slower rate than other
industrialised countries. That is when the civil</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>servants in the Treasury and the Bank of England
realised that the UK economy had arrived at the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>brink of the abyss </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and they had sight of the awfulness of what
that abyss might look like; and</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>they were shell-shocked as a result of it.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Then, in March 1976, Britain
fell into the abyss. Foreign investors, led by American bankers, panicked. The
pound </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">began to slide against the
dollar – and nothing would stop it. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Britain faced bankruptcy. In
desperation, Labour turned to the International Monetary Fund for a loan. An
IMF team came to London. They were determined that the only way to restore
confidence was for the British government to adopt monetarist policies. In a
speech that could've been written by Keith Joseph, Prime Minister James
Callaghan told the Labour Party why it had to do what the financial markets
wanted.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From James Callaghan's address to the]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>Labour Party Conference </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[in]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>September 1976</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"We used to think that you could </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>spend your way out of a
recession and increase employment</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by cutting
taxes and boosting government spending. I tell you, in all candour, that that
option</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>no longer
exists; and that insofar as it ever did exist, it only worked, on each occasion
since the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Second World W]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ar, by injecting a bigger
dose of inflation into the economy on every occasion,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>followed by a
higher level of unemployment as the next step."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Rt. Hon. Tony Benn MP</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, member of Labour Cabinet
1976</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It was presented scientifically </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> but then, they're
always presented scientifically </i>–<i> as being the</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>only way of doing it: "There is no
alternative."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And this gripped
people </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> but, at the same time,</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>you must never forget that politics is in the pursuit
of an interest and an ideology. And if the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>scientist helps you with the ideology, you use him;
if he doesn't, you disregard him. So the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>conflict between, as it were, Milton Friedman and
Keynes was a political conflict; it wasn't really</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that it was people solemnly assessing the different
values of two sets of ideas. One benefited</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>one group; another benefited another.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In December 1976, the IMF
granted a loan to Britain. That same month, Milton Friedman was awarded the
Nobel </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Memorial]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Prize. In just five years, his economic theory had moved from the margins
to centre-stage. It was seen by many politicians as the only solution to
Britain's disastrous economic position. And, waiting in the wings, was
Friedman's most devoted follower, a politician who believed it was possible to
use monetarism as the basis of a </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">plan to regenerate the
country.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Keith Joseph was now the
closest adviser to the new leader of the Tory party, Margaret Thatcher. He and
the </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">economists around him had
drawn up what was called the "medium-term financial strategy". </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The plan was to combine
monetarism with another theory from economics called "rational
expectations". It said that whenever a government changes policy, it will
only work if the politicians can persuade people they're going to stick with it
whatever happens.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Lord Joseph</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, member of Shadow Cabinet 1978</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We believed that in announcing and publishing a
mid-term financial strategy of what we were</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>going to do with the crucial element of the money
supply, we would persuade the negotiators,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the managements and the trade unions </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and the opinion-formers
</i>–<i> that there must be some</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>limit to pay claims if jobs were not to be priced out
of the market: rational expectation.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Sam Brittan</b>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It was to get away from short-termism; and, in that
respect, it had something in common with a</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>national plan </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[a]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> comparison of which I'm not ashamed...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">And, as with the national
plan, it was all very simple. The supply of money was to be reduced by raising
interest rates and cutting public spending. Inflation would fall and enterprise
flourish. Instead of putting money in, as Labout had done fifteen years before,
this time the theory said it should be tightly controlled. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Lord Joseph</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Monetarism worked throughout the nineteenth century,
when we were the envy of the world,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>with our people growing in numbers and generally
prospering </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> generally, despite all the horrors</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of the time, generally prospering </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> with the world looking
to us for how to do it. It could work</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>again.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There arose a slightly messianic sense of mission.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From a TV recording of Margaret Thatcher]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"I can't bear Britain in decline </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> I just can't. We, who
either defeated or rescued half </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[of]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Europe,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who kept half
</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[of]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Europe free when otherwise it would be in chains... and look at us
now."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Milton Friedman</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, interviewed 1979</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"The Thatcher government is a kind of an
experiment in whether it will be possible, in a</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>democratic
society that has gone as far as Britain has gone, to change course in an
orderly,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>effective
way; to set Britain on a new road. If the Thatcher government succeeds, it will
be an</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>example that
will not be lost on the United States or the rest of the world."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">13 months later...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From a TV news report with voiceover]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"The latest unemployed, from the Royal Stafford,
helped form an unwelcoming committee for</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mrs Thatcher
as she arrived..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But the economy did not
behave in the way the monetarists predicted. The squeeze on money led to a wave
of factory closures, while inflation continued to rise.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Roy Adkin</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, insolvency practitioner, West Midlands</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I've been in insolvency for all my professional life;
and, I think, up until 1980, I used to go in with</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a great deal of confidence that with new management
and perhaps some sort of reorganisation,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>something could be done. It was very sad to have to
go onto the shop floor in the early eighties,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>into a company, knowing, in fact, that there wasn't
much chance of selling that business; and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that, in fact, the business would come to an end.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Unidentified man]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"This is what would normally be a working day </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> it's the middle of the
week </i>–<i> and we're now</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>down in this
plant, which produces well over half the cast-iron baths of the United Kingdom,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>onto one week
on, one week off... and that's an immediate and practical effect of the strict</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>monetarism
policy that the government is carrying on."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Unidentified woman]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"The managing director said "I'm very sorry
to tell you, but, as from this minute, the firm has gone</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>into
voluntary </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[liquidation]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">." That was it."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Another unidentified woman]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Somebody shouted "Will we get any
wages?" and he said "You'll get nothing.""</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Sketch from an episode of the TV comedy series <i>Not the Nine O'Clock
News</i> shown in]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 1980</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover (Griff Rhys Jones):]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>"There now follows
a government statement on the current</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>unemployment figures."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Man (Rowan Atkinson) at desk looking forlornly
at some papers and sighing:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> " </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[long pause]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Oh dear...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[audience laughs]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> ...... Oh dear, oh dear, oh dear, oh dear......"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Unidentified man addressing meeting around table]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"The government seems to've totally lost its way
in terms of the interaction of four economic</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>indicators on
British industry..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Back to sketch]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Man at desk:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "... Oh, God..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Back to man addressing meeting]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"As every member of any firm knows, </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>with high interest rates
as a weapon for controlling</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>money supply,
what is the first thing that has to be cut?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Investment </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> because you still have</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to pay wages
and you still have to pay your </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<i>current</i>?]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> costs."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Back to first unidentified man (at cast-iron plant), now responding to
interviewer off-camera]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Interviewer:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "The government would say just hang on and stop making such a fuss
now..?"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Man:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Yes]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, <i>well, all I can
say to that is that the government isn't standing where I'm bloody</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>well standing ..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Even more mystifying was the
behaviour of the money supply. Despite the squeeze, it was still growing –
something the monetarists thought impossible. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Professor Charles Goodhart</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Chief Economic Adviser on
Monetary Policy, Bank of England 1980–1985</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Well, it was all a bit embarrassing. People like me
were at the Bank of England because we'd</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>been forced... the government had signed-up for this
path of gently-declining monetary</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>aggregates; and instead of the monetary aggregates
gently declining, some five or six months</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>after this new policy was put into operation, they
took an enormous jump </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and it was very</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>difficult to know why or to know what ought to be
done about it.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">By the end of 1980,
unemployment had nearly doubled. Manufacturing output had fallen by a sixth.
Britain was declining faster than even in the darkest days of the 1930s. Despite
this, the politicians were convinced they were right: the laws of their science
told them so.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Margaret Thatcher addressing a meeting from a lectern labelled "The
Press Association"]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Let me just have a word about monetarism and
monetary control first. I mean, you all know</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>full well
that if you produce too much of something, its value will fall. That's
elementary. It</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>isn't a
new-fangled theory; it is as essential as the law of gravity </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and you can't avoid
it."</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Lord Joseph</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Secretary of State for Industry 1979–1981</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>People used to say "You're destroying my
job!" and I was absolutely secure in my conscience</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that their negotiators and their employers were
destroying their jobs – by not following rational</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>expectations and seeing that if they didn't
accommodate unit labour costs by a combination of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pay increases allowed and rising productivity to what
would keep their prices internationally</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>competetive, jobs would go. So there was I,
absolutely clear in my conscience; and there were</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>they, convinced in their </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> what I would call </i>–<i> "invincible
ignorance" that I was an enemy... Yes,</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>it was awkward timing.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sir John Hoskyns</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Chief Policy Adviser to Mrs Thatcher 1979–1982</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There was no question that what was happening did, in
my view, a great deal of damage to</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the economy. The gover... the politicians of the day
will never admit to that, because they never</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>admit to making mistakes at all; but it's quite clear
that's what was happening. They were trying</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to do it right, but they got it wrong.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In January 1981, Alan
Walters became Mrs Thatcher's economic adviser. Although a convinced
monetarist, he agreed with Sir John Hoskyns that interest rates would have to
come down. This, in turn, would reduce the exchange rate and make exports more
competitive. But the problem was how to do it without admitting that all the
destruction of the past two years had been for nothing. The only solution, they
said, was to cut even more from public spending. That way, the government would
be seen to be keeping up its squeeze on the money supply.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Sir John Hoskyns</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What we said was </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[that]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>we'll take a deep breath
and take an enormous amount of money out</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of the economy, at the nadir of a major recession </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> I mean, it's against
every textbook that's ever</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>been written or all the Keynesian conventional wisdom
which prevailed at the time </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and thus,</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>hopefully, by that insurance make it very unlikely
that we would have to put interest rates back</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>up again just at the wrong moment.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At a meeting with Mrs Thatcher and Geoffrey Howe,
they were both absolutely taken aback </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I think they could hardly believe their ears </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and Mrs Thatcher </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[said]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, very indignantly,
"It's all</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>very well for you, but you don't have to stand up and
defend it in the House</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[s of Parliament]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In the Budget of 1981,
public borrowing was cut by a fifth. Three hundred and sixty-four leading
economists </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">wrote to <i>The Times</i>
and the Prime Minister accusing her of virtually destroying the economy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">That summer, there were
riots in English cities that even some Cabinet members blamed on the economic
policy. Unemployment headed towards two and a half million. Inflation did begin
to fall, but the money supply continued its mysterious rise. It became clear
that the fundamental law of monetarism – the relationship between the money
supply and inflation – didn't work. Ever so quietly, this solution to Britain's
problems was discarded. Finally, the man who had first brought the monetarists'
message to Britain was publicly told it was over.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Excerpt from an edition of the TV programme]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A Week in Politics </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[shown on]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Channel 4 </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[in]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> February 1985</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Interviewer (Peter Jay?):]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "The monetarist
economists believe in something called "the natural</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rate of
unemployment", which is supposed to be the rate at which unemploy...
inflation stops</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or ceases to
accelerate. Now, do you think that we, Prime Minister, with all-time record</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>unemployment
figures this week, have yet reached that "natural rate", even though
inflation</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is still
proceeding sufficiently to halve the value of money every fifteen years?"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Margaret Thatcher:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "It's not a doctrine to which I've ever
subscribed. It's one which I think actually</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>came in with
Milton Friedman; I used to read about it, I used to look about it </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<i>sic</i>?]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> it's not a</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>doctrine...
it's a theory to which I've never subscribed."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Some of those who had lived
through the experiment now became deeply pessimistic. One economist saw it as
proof that it was fundamentally impossible to change, in a predictable way, how
an economy behaved. As in other sciences, his observation had a formal name:
Goodhart's Law.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Professor Charles Goodhart</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Goodhart's Law said that if ever the government
decides to rely on any particular statistical</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>relationship as a basis for policy, </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[then,]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>as soon as it did that,
that relationship would fall apart.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And that's just what happened.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The implication is </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[that]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>what you should try and
do is not to disturb things too much; and let</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>individual agents go on and try and make the best of
the situation as each of them sees it</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>individually.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">It was a conclusion that
fitted well with Conservative philosophy. If there was nothing that governments
could do, then the economic agents in a newly-liberated City of London should
be left alone. Unlike the economists, they seemed to know how money worked.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Margaret Thatcher giving a speech in the City of London in]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>1986</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"The City's growing confidence and drive owes a
good deal to young people. Its vast new</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dealing rooms
are run by the young; people who made it not because of who they know, or</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>what school
tie they wear, but on sheer merit </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and that is the kind of society I want to see."</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Brian Winterflood</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Executive Director, County NatWest Securities
1986–1988</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Capital was available; ideas were available; and
there was a keenness to do things. And I think</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that probably the government felt that our merchant
bankers in the City of London </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> which,</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>after all, had put us on the map </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> there they were again;
they were to go out and they were</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>going to... make us great again, if you like.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Money now became a
commodity, traded for itself. It was managed by young technicians in the
dealing rooms. Economists, who once thought they could control money, became
its servants. They were now employed in their hundreds by the banks to predict
on television what might or might not happen as a result of the colossal flows
of capital.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[TV collage of (presumably) economists giving views]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"...
It is, of course, extremely uncertain, but my view is that </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i>"</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> I guess there is still
a lot more to come. We're currently saying </i>–<i>"</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> People fear there will
be a rerun of what happened a fortnight ago </i>–<i>"</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> I suspect it'll
certainly not stop </i>–<i>"</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> There is, however, a
risk that interest rates will have to go higher </i>–<i>"</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> They may even get worse </i>–<i>"</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sir Alfred Sherman</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When you get a loss of faith, say, if bishops cease
to believe in God, they go in for socialism or</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sodomy; but an economist who's agnostic about
economics is unemployable </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and therefore</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>they said "We know if you do this and if you do
that...". And the economists will argue with each</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>other but none of them will ever question whether
economics is as scientific as it claims.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Ken Dodd introduces <b>Margaret Thatcher</b> to a Conservative rally in
Chester in]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>April 1987</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Dodd:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Great, Great Britain </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> the finest country in the world, right?"</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Audience cheers:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Yes!"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Dodd:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "And let us not forget who made it Great Britain this last eight
years!"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Audience cheers as Margaret
Thatcher walks onto stage]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Thatcher:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "... and when I go to the western summit in
Venice on Monday</span></i><i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[the thirteenth G7 summit,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>June 1987]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, I will go with my head
held high, as leader of a strong country."</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Chief Inspector Ernie Plumb</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, City of London Police
Force (retired)</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There were people earning a lot of money without
doing anything at all in this world of money.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Then, it suddenly came to a dramatic halt in the
eighties </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> the reasons I can't give you; you'll</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>need to talk to </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>qualified economist</i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[s]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> and, no doubt, they'll have
differing views on why it</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>happened </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> but the system, overnight, became much more cut-throat. We had
examples of</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>firms right out of the blue calling fire drills,
locking their employees out and throwing their</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>belongings from the window to them, </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> saying "Sorry, chaps,
you're fired."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That's how bad</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>things became.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Brian Winterflood</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The bubble burst again. But that's what happens; in
history, you have these... these slumps and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>these booms </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and you won't change it, because that's what
capitalism is, really, isn't it?</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Richard Turton</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Partner, Insolvency Department, Touche Ross</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I don't think we </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">can<i> change the world; it's not something we
can do. Certainly, we insolvency</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>specialists can't; our job is sweeping up, or trying
to prevent. Now, as far as I can see, the best</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>way is to try and see whether we can do something
about stopping people being greedy and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>stopping people being overambitious </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and I don't think you
ever will do that.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Roy Adkin</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>...and the economists seem to think that the whole of
the problems can be solved by... by</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>money </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> by the use of money rather than the creation of wealth. But they've
never really got</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>anywhere near it. So, I would ask the question</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[s]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">: "Whose money?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What money?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Where's it</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>coming from?"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Unidentified commentator]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Economics has really obscured the fundamental
problems with the British economy </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[in that]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>by seeming to be able to give a particular solution </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> by pulling a particular
lever or pulling a set</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of levers </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> it's obscured the longer-term decline </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[in]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> our industries, the
longer-term decline in</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the quality of our labour force, which politicians
should really have been addressing thirty or</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>forty years ago; and which some of our European
competitors </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> who've turned out far fewer</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>economists than Britain, by the way </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> have succeeded in doing
much better than we have in</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the UK.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">For some economists who were
involved in this story, there is a further question: were their theories used
to disguise political policies that would otherwise have been very difficult to
implement in Britain?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Alan Budd</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The nightmare I sometimes have about this whole
experience runs as follows. I was involved in</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>making a number of proposals which were partly, at
least, adopted by the government and put</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in play by the government. Now, my worry is as
follows: that there may have been people</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>making the actual policy decisions or people behind
them or people behind </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">them<i> who never</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>believed for a moment that this was the correct way
to bring down inflation. They did, however,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>see that it would be a very, very good way to raise
unemployment; and raising unemployment</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>was an extremely desirable way of reducing the
strength of the working classes, if you like </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that what was engineered there, in Marxist terms, was
a crisis of capitalism which recreated</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[a] </span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">reserve army of labour and has allowed the capitalist to make high profits
ever since. Now,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>again, I'm not say</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[ing]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> I believe that story, but
when I really worry about all this, I worry whether,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>indeed, that was really what was going on.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Charles Goodhart</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What we now doubt, which we used to think, was that
our models will enable us to look into</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the future; and, indeed, to change the future, to the
benefit of mankind. We... the experience</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of recent years has been such that as soon as we
develop a model that seems to be reasonably</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>good at explaining the present </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and there are few
enough of those, God knows, now </i>–<i> the</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>future changes.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Interviewer (Adam Curtis?), off-camera:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> We live in an imperfect
world; and, if that's true, how are</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>you ever going to make it a better world?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Goodhart:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> We can perhaps hope that we can prevent it from
becoming a worse world. I don't</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>think that we can easily make it a better world.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[As credits roll, <b>Richard Turton</b> sings, Negro-spiritual style]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nobody knows de trouble I've seen; No</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[body knows like
Jesus;]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Nobody knows de
trouble I've</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>seen; Glory alleluia. Sometimes I'm up, sometimes I'm
down; Oh, yes, Lord </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[interrupted by</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>channel voiceover]</span></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/b0y0r3I0kAI?feature=player_embedded" width="550"></iframe>José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-70420777338704637722015-02-03T12:41:00.000+01:002015-02-03T12:41:14.959+01:00Pandora´s Box: A fable from the age of science, by Adam Curtis: 2. To the Brink of Eternity<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zlD_XCmMz88/VNCkmFWR_MI/AAAAAAABS1s/X5B_orQHsbQ/s1600/NDVD_001.BMP" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zlD_XCmMz88/VNCkmFWR_MI/AAAAAAABS1s/X5B_orQHsbQ/s1600/NDVD_001.BMP" height="480" width="550" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1qE9V0Z0S1w/VNCkZ09Ll1I/AAAAAAABS1o/wyUMDAIFiKw/s1600/Pandora_Box_titles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1qE9V0Z0S1w/VNCkZ09Ll1I/AAAAAAABS1o/wyUMDAIFiKw/s1600/Pandora_Box_titles.jpg" height="480" width="550" /></a></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>DE</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pandora's Box</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Adam Curtis, 1992</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To the Brink of Eternity</span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">PANDORA'S BOX</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The age that we have just
left – the forty-five years since the end of the Second World War – was
overshadowed by a strange partnership between science and fear. It began with a
weapon created by scientists that threatened to destroy the world. But then a
group of men, who were convinced they could control the new danger, began to
gain influence in America. They would manipulate terror. To do so, they would
use the methods of science. Out of this would come a new age, free from the
chaos and uncertainties that had lead to terrible wars in the past.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">TO THE BRINK OF ETERNITY</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sam Cohen</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, inventor of the neutron bomb</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They believed </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> I think honestly in the beginning and
fraudulently at the end </i>–<i> that they could create</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a better world and have control over this process of
recreating the world through their science and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>their mathematics, because it all sounded so damn
rational and so damn reasonable as to be</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>unassailable.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">FEAR...</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Their opportunity came on
October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union suddenly launched the first ever
satellite: <i>Sputnik</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Simon Ramo</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, guided-missile engineer, 1950s</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It was amazing to the American people that here was
this spacecraft up in the sky and suddenly the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>American people realised that the Soviet Union was
not, as they were supposed to be, a backward</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>power that was capable of providing us with caviar
and ballet companies but had no business being</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>up in space. It was shocking to find out we'd been so
wrong about them. It was shocking to discover</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that perhaps we had something to fear.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Two months later, the
Russians struck again: <i>Sputnik</i> 2 carried into space a dog called
"Laika". As the Soviet Union </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">flaunted its success,
American politicians panicked.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A sense of vulnerability
swept America, for Laika could just as easily have been a nuclear warhead. To
the military, it was a nightmare. Russia was their enemy, yet they had no idea
how to defend themselves against this </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">new weapon that might
descend suddenly from outer space.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But three thousand miles
away, on the California coast, scientists believed they had the answers. They
worked at the RAND Corporation. "RAND" stood for "Research ANd
Development"; it was the first scientific think-tank. RAND was funded by
the Air Force, but staffed by young academics who believed the scientific
method could help bring the Cold War back under America's control.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">James A. Thomson</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, President, RAND Corporation</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[addressing a small meeting]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>You're here at RAND, at Santa Monica, California on
the Pacific Ocean, where groups of engineers,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>scientists, mathematicians, political scientists all
came together to begin working on problems</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>originally of national defence and national security.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The principal issue they were dealing with was trying
to understand the future of American security</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in the nuclear age. It involved questions of
technology: what would technology offer, how could it</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>be harnessed to serve America's security; science of
the rigorous mathematical sort.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sam Cohen</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, RAND Corporation 1947–1975</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The techniques they were developing were generally
categorised as "systems analytic" techniques.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What this consisted of was getting an enormous
mathematical model that could be calculated</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>thanks to the advent of these high-speed computers.
We had a combination of technologists,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>economists </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[and]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> mathematicians who could piece all of these disciplines together and feed
their</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>inputs into this huge, complex mathematical model. It
meant that the world could be understood</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to a degree where it could be calculated and
predicted. And that's what these system analysts</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>proceeded to do.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">To the scientists at RAND,
the Cold War was a totally new system of conflict. Past experience and politics
were no help in predicting how the other side would behave. They turned instead
to a method of predicting behaviour in uncertain situations: the theory of
games. It had been developed by the famous mathematician John von Neumann, who
had worked at RAND. In the 1920s, in Berlin, he had watched poker games and
seen how each player's strategy depended on what he thought the other side
would rationally do. von Neumann had shown how to give numerical values to the
different choices and so decide on the best move.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">William Gorham</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, RAND Corporation 1953–1962</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It was seen like a game; a game in which there were
rational players and in which each side had</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>certain information about the capabilities of the
other side. The notion of "</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Kriegspiel<i>" evolved at</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>RAND, which was the game of chess in which you don't
see the opponent's pieces. You have two</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>chessboards, each complete, with a blind between
them; and you have to presume from indirect</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>information where the opponent's chess pieces are and
then make the best judgement you can to</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>get more information.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">RAND strategists studied
every piece of information they could find about the Soviet Union. They even
wrote their own operational code of the Politburo and commissioned the famous
anthropologist Margaret Mead to study the Russian attitude to authority. From
this came complex mathematical models that showed the Air Force </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">the best possible moves.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But, in the process, the
idea of the Cold War as a political conflict that could be resolved was fading
away. It became, instead, a mechanical system in which all parts worked
according to rational laws – and that included </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">the enemy. So, the
strategists' job was to keep it balanced, in equilibirum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The most influential figure
at RAND was Albert Wohlstetter, a mathematical logician. He was also a devoted
fan of modern architecture and abstract design; and a close friend of the
famous architect Le Corbusier. Whilst Wohlstetter saw the system of conflict as
dangerously unstable, he was convinced the Soviet Union might attack: not
because it wanted to, but because the rational logic of the system would force
it to pull the trigger first.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Albert Wohlstetter</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, RAND Corporation 1951–</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<i>present</i>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I drew the analogy with the Western gun duel. The
gunman and the sheriff were not necessarily</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>morally... were not morally equivalent in any sense,
but they each might find themselves in the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>position where they had to draw first in order to survive.
And this would be a rational act, if they</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>found themselves in that position.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And so I wanted to design a posture where it would
never make sense for an adversary, in his own</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>terms, to attack.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Wohlstetter invented what
were to become the familiar icons of the nuclear age. He proposed that hundreds
of missiles should be protected in concrete silos underground. Fleets of
bombers were to be in the air twenty-four hours a day, controlled by a system
he designed called "Failsafe". The aim was to convince the Soviets
that if they attacked, America would always have enough missiles left to
destroy them in return. The Cold War would become safer by stabilising what
Wohlstetter called "the delicate balance of terror".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From TV footage of Vice-President<b> </b>Richard Nixon speaking to Premier<b>
</b>Nikita Khruschev in]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Moscow, July 1959</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"There are some instances where you may be ahead
of us </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> for example, in
the development of</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>your... of
the thrust of your rockets for the investigation of outer space. There may be
some</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>instances </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> for example, colour
television </i>–<i> where we're ahead of you. But, in order for both of</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>us... for
both of us... </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Khruschev, on hearing the translation, wags his finger, shakes his head
and starts</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>to respond while Nixon smiles and tries to continue]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> ..."</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">As America's politicians
became increasingly intimidated by the Soviets, the strategists exercised a
restraining influence. They argued that the enemy was dangerous, but rational.
It was not a satanic monster that had to be destroyed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Albert Wohlstetter</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We had the resources, intelligence and courage to
make the correct decisions. There were real</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>dangers, real dangers of the... subversion or attack
on... or military attack on Europe.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Our aim was to design a more stable balance.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But the rise of the
strategists was only part of the changes brought about by the Cold War.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Amelia Musgrove</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, bar owner, White Sands </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<i>New Mexico</i>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sputnik<i> and the Cold War started, then they started developing all of
these missiles. All of</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the companies would bid for them and build them and
they'd bring them out here and test them.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>From... </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[She points at a photo on the wall]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> like the Patriot; sixteen
years it's been tested </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[they're]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> still</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>testing it. They're adding to it now, to make it
reach out further. </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[She indicates another photo]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Here</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>is the cruise missile. It was here. That was the
meanest-looking one that I've ever seen.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To see something like that was out of this world...
was unreal.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In 1961, the influence of
the men from RAND increased dramatically. The new President, John F. Kennedy,
turned to them to impose order not only on nuclear strategy but on the arms
race, which was threatening to run out of control. Kennedy was convinced the
scientific method was the key to solving the problems of modern </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">industrialised societies.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">THE CORRIDORS OF POWER</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Leading members of the RAND
Corporation were asked to become the aides of the new Secretary of Defense,
Robert McNamara. McNamara had previously run the Ford Motor Company and used
systems analysis to rationalise production. Now he told the strategists to do
the same with America's defence. They were no longer </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">advisers to the military;
they had become the masters.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But they had hardly begun
work when they received some astonishing news. A new reconnaissance satellite
showed that far from having six-hundred missiles, as the Air Force had claimed,
the Soviets had only four. It was severely embarrassing for the strategists,
because the Air Force figures had been the basis of much of their work.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Sam Cohen</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Air Force intelligence inputs were mainly
parochial. They were designed to make out the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>enemy </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> principally the Soviets </i>–<i> at their very worst, because if they
did that, the Air Force would</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>get ever so many billions of dollars to build more
airplanes, more missiles, more everything. And so</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>these analysts were being misled, from the very
beginning.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">For years, the Air Force had
been showing slides of Russian monasteries and war memorials, claiming they
were missile silos in disguise. The awkward question now was whether RAND's
studies were equally fictitious. But the strategists were undeterred. The
Russians had fewer missiles and the satellites showed where they were, so it
would be possible, if a nuclear war happened, to mount selective strikes and
thus control – and even win – the conflict.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thomas Schelling</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, RAND Corporation, Consultant to the Department
of Defense 1960–1964</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This was combatting the notion that there was only
one big spasm kind of war and once things</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>started, all you did was shut your eyes, close your
ears, fire everything. I was once doing a study in</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the Pentagon with the people who were responsible for
getting all the data about nuclear</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>detonations anywhere on the continent and I asked the
question "How do you tell when the war</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>is over?". And it looked as if the question had
never occurred to them before; and I thought "Well,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>this is important: that somebody must be attending to
how the war will be ended – as well as</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>simply to how to start it – efficiently."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Under the strategists' new
plans, Soviet military targets would be annihilated first. America's remaining
missiles would be held back to threaten Russia's cities and force the Soviet
government into submission. The most notorious proponent of these plans was
Herman Kahn. He had left RAND and set up his own think-tank, the Hudson
Institute, near New York. He was convinced a "controlled nuclear war"
was possible.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From (black-and-white) TV footage of]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <b><i>Herman Kahn</i></b><i>, Consultant to the
Department of Defense, early 1960s</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Just because you go to war, that itself may be an
irrational act, or may not; but even if you,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>irrationally, decide to go to war, that doesn't mean
you have to fight it in a wildly irrational fashion.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Interviewer:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>Many people feel that even if they survive a
nuclear war, that things are going to be</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>so awful and life is going to be so destroyed
everywhere that they'd actually rather be dead.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Kahn:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> That's </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[an]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> almost completely standard reaction and is really a reaction to try to
prevent</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>thinking about the subject... and I make a comment
which always gets me a great deal of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>criticism </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> let me make it anyway: Objective studies indicate that the post-war
environment, while</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>hostile to human life </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> more hostile than the pre-war environment </i>–<i>
will not be so hostile as to</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"preclude normal and happy lives".</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The Institute is now
deserted, but, in the early sixties, it was full of men and women working out
what to do if the worst happened. Cities on both sides were given precise
values; then scenarios were constructed, like equations, showing what to do in
any eventuality.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Debbie Kahn</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, daughter </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[of Herman Kahn, with]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <b><i>Gail Neale</i></b><i>, Hudson Institute, 1960s</i> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[and two other women]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Kahn:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>There's an accident. We drop a bomb on Kiev. It was a fluke. We didn't
mean to; the</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Russians believe we didn't mean to. Then there's a
negotiation about where we can drop a bomb</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>on something that's of equal value </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[to]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Kiev; if we drop the bomb,
we can stop now. If we destroy</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>something equal, you've got a sort of a status quo </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">– </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Neale:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>but if you escalate, if
you go from</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>our equivalent of Kiev to... </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Kahn:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> New York </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Neale:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>...our equivalent of
Moscow, it's a very big</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>escalation.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In a controlled nuclear war,
populations of cities would become like pawns in a game of bargaining with
nuclear </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">weapons. So the strategists
persuaded America's leaders to take civil defence seriously.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Herman Kahn believed
America's cities would have to be evacuated two or three times a decade as
America played brinkmanship with the Soviet Union. Everyone would have to be
taught to think rationally about nuclear war.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Debbie Kahn</b><i>,</i> still with Gail Neale and the other two women]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I can remember growing up having dinner-table
discussions about "Let us assume something</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>happens". We go down in our bomb shelter. We can
support six or ten or twelve <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>people
in the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>shelter. The neighbours start banging on the door:
"Let us in! Let our children in!".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Who do we let</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That's
sort of unthinkable when you're ten years old or nine years old... I mean,
that's </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> I</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>remember growing up discussing things like that,
because it was possible. And </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[if]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>it was possible,</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>it was worthy to talk about, you know </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> rather than just
saying... well, you throw up your hands</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and say "It's unthinkable."</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sam Cohen</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, RAND Corporation 1947–1975</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These analysts were human beings... they were no
ordinary human beings </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> they had more</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>than a smattering of megalomaniacs, Herman Kahn being
one of them; Albert Wohlstetter,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>another megalomaniac... There was this feeling that
they could get in control and a huge degree</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of power by doing these studies. And so these
analysts indeed achieved their grandiose dream:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>they were in full control.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">TO THE BRINK</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Then, as if on cue, a crisis
occurred that seemed the perfect test for these theories. In October 1962,
America discovered the Soviet Union was siting nuclear missiles in Cuba. The
question was how to force them to stop. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">To the strategists, it was a
clear opportunity for their scenarios.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">While journalists waited
outside, President Kennedy's cabinet met to decide whether to attack Cuba.
Their discussions were recorded. The tapes show a group of men facing the
reality of a nuclear crisis. As the strategists </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">had told them, it was a game
of bargaining.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But, confronted by the need
for action, they found they had no idea how the other side would respond to any
move they made. They weren't even sure if the other side was rational.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From the audio recording of the discussions]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Robert McNamara</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Secretary of Defence 1961–1968</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"It seems to me almost certain that any one of
these forms of direct military action will lead to a</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Soviet
military response of some type, some place in the world."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dean Rusk</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Secretary of State</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"But they may be thinking they can either
bargain Berlin and Cuba against each other, or that they</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>can provoke
us into the kind of action in Cuba which would give an umbrella for them to
take</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>action with
respect to Berlin. If they can provoke us into taking the first overt action,
then the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>world would
be confused and they would have what they would consider justification for
making</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a move
somewhere else.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"For the first time, I am beginning really to
wonder whether Mr Khruschev is entirely rational about</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berlin,
because if they shoot those missiles, we are in general nuclear war."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">As the crisis escalated, the
prospect of nuclear war became very real. If it happened, the strategists'
elaborate plans were supposed to offer the President ways to control it. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">George Ball</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Under-Secretary of State in Kennedy
administration 1961–1966</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Well, I must say I was scared to death that we were
going to get ourselves in a nuclear exchange...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that I wasn't sure until the final culmination of the
thing that we were going to escape that. I think</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>we took a hell of a chance, myself.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Adam Curtis, interviewing, off-camera:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>If that nuclear exchange
had happened, do you think it</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>could've been controlled in the way the strategists
argued?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Ball:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> No, I think that... We had testimony from these characters day and night
on how you</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>contain a nuclear exchange; I never believed any of
it.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From footage of an unidentified (American) citizen responding to questions
about a nuclear attack]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Interviewer, off-camera:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>Half or three-quarters of Los Angeles has
been destroyed. How are you</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>going to continue to live?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Citizen:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>Well, the first thing we have to recognise is that if half of Los
Angeles is destroyed, maybe</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>eighty, ninety percent of the people will be dead and
there will be fewer mouths to feed; and those</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of us who will survive will have more food and water
to divide up.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Interviewer:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Well, isn't this a very good argument, from a
purely selfish point of view, of not</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>wanting many people to make shelters?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Citizen:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> This is true, but, on the other hand, </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[for]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>those of us who have
been building shelters, we</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>believe for the most part that if we, as citizens, do
something to demonstrate that we are prepared</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to withstand an attack, the Russians </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> or whoever it is </i>–<i>
will be less likely to launch an attack</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>against us.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In the end, President
Kennedy ignored any idea of controlled war. Instead, he told the Russians that
if they launched just one missile from Cuba, he would retaliate with America's
entire arsenal. To the strategists, this threat was irrational and humiliating.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">William Kaufmann</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, RAND Corporation; Consultant to the Secretary
of Defense 1961–1980</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>My only recollection is one of disappointment; I
mean, President Kennedy indicated that the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>United States had the capability to engage in massive
retaliation, which led several of us to</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>wonder why he had used this particular language and
why he hadn't gone to... well, at least, </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[to</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">what]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>we thought of as the
more powerful and rational approach to deterrence. It seemed to me</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that it would be utter folly for us to go in </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[for]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> what one of my colleagues,
Herman Kahn, called a</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"wargasm" and try and destroy everything we
could, because, in effect, that would sign the death</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>warrant of the United States.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The Russians backed down and
America celebrated. But Cuba had shown, like a flash of lightning on a dark
night, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">how the Cold War really
worked: through fear, not reason.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Robert McNamara began to
back away from the elaborate plans for controlling nuclear war. Yet the
strategists remained influential; politicians found their rational approach
irresistible. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>George Ball</b>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I think the Americans have made a kind of theology
about using scientific means to solve political</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>problems; the belief that this is a kind of
substitute for religion, that you turn to these mysterious</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>forces which we </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[have]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> now begun to harness for
the first time </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and we can use them; and</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>therefore we </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[be]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">come master of everything
and we don't have to worry about other </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[things...]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From TV footage of]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <b><i>President Lyndon
Johnson</i></b> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[making [the "Great Society" commencement address at the
University of </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Michigan?] in]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>1964</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Society... is a place where every child can
find knowledge to enrich his mind... and to enlarge his</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>talent. It is
a place where leisure is a welcome chance to build and reflect, not a feared
cause of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>boredom and
restlessness. It is a place where the city of man serves not only the needs of
the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>body
..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In 1964, President Johnson
promised a new approach to government which would solve deep-rooted problems
such as poverty. Its architects were to be the systems analysts from RAND.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">William Gorham</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, RAND Corporation; Assistant Secretary,
Department of Health, Education and Welfare 1965–68</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>President Johnson had a vision of a society which
would be glorious; and he saw in the analytical</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>strength </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[in]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> the rationality that was being applied in some of the military problems </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> an aid, a</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>force that could be applied also in the civilian
areas. And so we were apostles, we were apostles</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of rationality; we were to go out and apply those
techniques and methods of thinking to civilian</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>problems </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> to bring to bear systematic rational thinking </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[on]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> them. And we believed that
they were</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>solvable problems; they were not insoluble </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[problems.]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">On the President's orders,
many of the men who had gone from RAND to the Pentagon now moved on into other
areas of government. They had become all-powerful courtiers in an age of
reason. Their methods were being used to build a better world in America. As
their power increased, so did their ambitions. Their techniques, they said,
could even predict the future. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From the footage for a]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>1967 CBS TV Special Report</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>"This is not a crap game. It's a serious
game. Rolling the dice is Dr Olaf Helmer of the</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>RAND
Corporation. He is conducting a "simulation exercise". A panel of
experts has studied a list</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of possible
twenty-first century developments, from personality-control drugs to household</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>robots. They
have estimated the numerical probability of each... the current fascination of
a new</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>intellectual
breed: the futurist."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Helmer:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "...we wind up with a world which has the
following features: we have fertility control,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a
hundred-year lifespan, controlled thermonuclear power, continued automation,
genetic control,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>man-machine
symbiosis, household robots, wideband communications, opinion control and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>continued
urbanization."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From (colour) footage of]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <b><i>Herman Kahn</i></b><i>, futurist</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"I would guess in a hundred-and-</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<i>thirty</i> <i>to</i>?]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> two-hundred years, </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[if]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> things go at all well, </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[that]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ninety,
ninety-five percent of the world's people will be living in higher-than-current
American</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>standards of
living. Men who are from everywhere poor, everywhere </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[in]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> danger of hunger</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[or]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>starvation, </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[will come]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> to a life in which the
technology largely insulates you from nature."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But at the very moment when
the men from RAND were promising America a utopia, their whole approach was </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">about to meet its nemesis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In 1965, Lyndon Johnson
began a bombing campaign of North Vietnam. The targets were chosen for their
psychological value; pawns in a game of persuading the communists to withdraw
from the South. It was inspired by the work of RAND's leading exponent of game
theory: Thomas Schelling.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thomas Schelling</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Consultant to the Department of Defense 1966–70</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It was a war in which we were attempting to
intimidate an enemy into discontinuing what he was</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>doing; in which it was believed that if you made it
painful enough for the North Vietnamese, they</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>would call off their campaign. So, I think there w...
may've been plenty in my writings that people</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>thought applied to this kind of war, because this was
a... vicious, violent bargaining process...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and the effort was to convince the other side that we
could tolerate more pain and damage than</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>they could.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But the communists did not
behave in a rational way and retreat. Reluctantly, the strategists and the
Pentagon </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">agreed to send thousands of
American troops to Vietnam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">By now, the systems and
numbers approach dominated the Pentagon. McNamara's whizzkids were convinced
that the battle against the Viet Cong could be managed in a rational,
scientific way. Indeed, they could see no other way.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">William Ehrhart</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, US Marine Corps 1968</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The problem with the Vietnam War was that it was not
a war for territory. What American</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>policymakers needed – what the Pentagon needed – was
some way of "How do you tell if we're</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>winning or not?"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In the absence of being able to take Hanoi or something like that, they
had to</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>find other indicators; and what came out of that was
a whole array of statistics.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It ranged from the body-count down to number of
missions flown, number... tonnage of bombs</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>dropped, number of enemy structures destroyed, tonnage
of food captured from the enemy...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Col. David Hackworth</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, US Army (retired)</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is a chart that was used by one of the think
tanks to demonstrate how to </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[the camera focuses</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>on the flowchart Hackworth is
showing]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>neutralise an
enemy village, showing a flow of how action</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>can be taken to neutralise an enemy force. </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[He reads some of
the flowchart's nodes:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Is this village</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>loyal to the belligerent?"... "Consider the
next village"... "Is this village loyal to the opponent?" </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"No" </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> "Based on reliable information, what
does this village perceive as its major problem?"...</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It's almost like a game of Monopoly, isn't it?...!</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To Mr McNamara and his "brain</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[s]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> trust" of whizzkids,
this was probably equal to the US</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Constitution – it was the ultimate document.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">George Ball</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Under-Secretary of State 1961–1966</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I will tell you, for example, that we </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[had]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> long sessions </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[...]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>on Vietnam when McNamara
would be</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>urging us </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[toward]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> a certain measure and the President would say "Well, Bob, what do you
think</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the chances of success are?"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"Oh," he would say, "I think
it's fifty-five percent and forty-five</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>percent failure."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And I would speak up </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Ball is smiling]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> and say "Bob, are you
sure it isn't </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>forty-seven percent and forty-two percent?"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You know, I mean, this was a frame of mind...
and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>nothing was ever expressed except in quantitative
terms as far as McNamara was concerned;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and he spoke for the whole defence department.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>William Ehrhart</b>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Let me give you an example of the way the numbers
worked. I happened to be on a patrol in late</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>spring, early summer of 1967, where we spotted,
observed a Vietnamese national some hundreds</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of metres away from us, running away from us; and
standard procedure at that time was to...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>you could fire on anybody running away from you.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When we got to the body, we discovered it was an
unarmed older woman </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> fifty-five, sixty years</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>old </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and in the intelligence summary that I prepared the next day, I put in
exactly what happened.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>By the time that that report reached the division</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[al]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> level, that dead woman had
become an</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ageless, genderless Viet Cong with a Chinese
communist grenade.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And these numbers, these reports, these statistics
directly obscured the reality and presented a</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>picture that was a hundred-and-eighty degrees removed
from reality. And yet, when you take</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>all those numbers and dump them in the Pentagon,
those guys sit there and they count up the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>numbers and they can go "We're winning!".</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In 1967, Robert McNamara
resigned in failure. Before he went, he made a speech in Montreal. He ended it
by asking "Who is man?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Is he a
rational animal?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If he is, then the goals
can be achieved. But if he isn't, then there is </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">little point in making the
effort."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">McNamara had been the patron
of the strategists. Without him, much of their power disappeared. They and
their think tanks became targets for the mass protests against the war.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Back to the four women, including<i> </i><b>Debbie Kahn</b> and <b>Gail
Neale</b>, inside the former Hudson Institute building]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[One of the other two women:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Hundreds of people
protested and marched up the driveway and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>planted crosses in the front yard of the Institute;
and it made me and many of us here very angry,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>because they were making assumptions about what we
thought </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and they wouldn't even check.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Kahn:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> They thought we were
warmongers; there's no question about that.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Neale:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>They offered us jobs; to go to other places </i>–<i> when we would
leave the driveway for lunch,</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>they'd stop and offer us jobs if we'd leave </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[the]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>Hudson Institute. None
of us ever did.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">America's politicians had
originally been attracted to the strategists because they'd promised a
rational, controllable world. But in Vietnam, their methods had been used to
create a fiction. The scientific approach had been corrupted to preserve the
politicians' power.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Sam Cohen</b>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When we started all this systems analysis business,
all these many, many years ago, we stepped</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>through the looking glass... where people did the
weirdest things and </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[with]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> the most perverse kind</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of logic imaginable </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and yet claimed to have the most precise
understanding of everything and</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>would give these perversely, superbly rational,
illogical explanations as to why they were doing all</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>these perverse and irrational things. That was the
world that's always existed; it's always been a</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>peverse, irrational world </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> that was the world that these systems
analysts stepped into; that's in</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the mirror. They should've stayed on the right side.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">What they left behind was
MAD – Mutual Assured Destruction – a giant system of nuclear defence with the
two sides locked together, watching each other for the slightest move. But, by
the mid-seventies, it seemed to've become an end in itself.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Footage of a US [?Air Force] officer, sitting beside panels, monitors,
screens, etc, from]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 1978</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Officer:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> We are part of the Aerospace Defense Command. We
want to maintain surveillance of all</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>these satellites; to continually know where they are
and also to determine if a new satellite is up</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>there.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Interviewer (Adam Curtis?),
off-camera:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Why does that... why is that information required?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Officer:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Well... you got me! </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[laughs]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The system of deterrence had
begun as rational. It now seemed a dangerous trap. If either side decided to
attack, it would mean the end of the world. Then, a politician came to power
who believed that this was just what the </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Soviets were about to do.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">SCIENCE FICTION</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In 1980, on the campaign
trail, </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Ronald]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Reagan came face-to-face with the delicate balance of terror.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Herbert York</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, former Director of Defence Research and
Engineering, Department of Defence</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He visited NORAD, the North American Air Defense
Command, to see what they did. And he went</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and they showed him all these magnificent warning
systems </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and then he said "After you get the</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>first warning, what do you do?"; and they said
"Well, we follow these incoming missiles a little</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>further and keep track of them better."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then he said "What do you do?"; and
they said "Well, we</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>follow them further and keep track of them
better."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And he kept asking; and
the answer he</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>wanted to hear was "...and finally we shoot them
down."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But they never got to that,
because, in</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>fact, there was no missile defence; we had missile
warning, but we had no missile defence.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And he thought, like a lot of people thought, that
that's kind of crazy </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> I mean, </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[that]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> that's got</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to be fixed; we've really got to work on defence. If
science can do all these wonderful things that</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>it's done in the past, it surely can accomplish this
if we will just unleash it.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But this was an age of
disillusion with science – and the people who came forward with the solution
the President wanted were zealots: scientists like the inventor of the hydrogen
bomb, Edward Teller. He had long dreamt of a defensive missile shield in space.
A lobby group was formed that proposed </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[that]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> such a defence could be assembled using the new Space Shuttle. It was led
not by strategists, but by two science-fiction writers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Jerry Pournelle</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Chairman, Citizens'
Advisory Council on National Space Policy, 1980</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Larry Niven</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, science-fiction writer and Council member</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Pournelle:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>We ended up as the "kitchen
cabinet" on space and military technology. We had</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>access to the President; and, because we had that
access, nobody refused an invitation to come</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to the meetings</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>is what it amounted to. So, we ended up with
a bunch of four-star generals and</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>captains of industry and the entire
military-industrial complex of the United States in Larry Niven's</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>living-room </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and, in fact, Jim
Ransom pointed out that one RPG through the plate-glass window</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of Larry's thing would've pretty well crippled the
United States technologically for twenty years...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>he was probably right!</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Pournelle:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>And science-fiction writers, by the way,
turned out to be very key </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<i>sic</i>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> to this process</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>because they could write the documents that were
understandable by the President </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From TV address made by]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <b><i>President Ronald Reagan</i></b><i>, 28th February 1983</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>"Let me share with you a vision of the future
which offers hope. It is that we embark on a program</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to counter
the awesome Soviet missile threat with measures that are defensive. Let us turn
to the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>very
strengths in technology that spawned our great industrial base and that have
given us the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>quality of
life we enjoy today.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"What if free people could live secure in the knowledge
that we could intercept and destroy</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>strategic
ballistic missiles before they reached our own soil or that of our allies? ...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Fellow Americans, I ask for your prayers...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Many of Reagan's cabinet,
including his Secretary of State, had had no advanced warning of this proposal.
As they watched in the White House that night, they quickly discovered </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[that]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> this was not going to be a
magic escape from the cycle of terror, </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[but]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> just another twist.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Simon Ramo</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, guided-missile designer</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>During dinner, I happened to sit next to the
then-Secretary of State George Shultz and he said: "Is</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>it possible to put a laser up in the sky with
sufficient power to knock out a Russian ICBM?"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And I</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>said: "Yes, it is possible."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"Well," he said, "doesn't that
really make a tremendous difference?"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I said: "Not necessarily. If I were the
Russians, I would be thinking about carrying a mirror; and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>you shine your high-powered light at me that can
destroy me and you'll get it back in your face."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Well, then, it's no good, what you're
saying..."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is an offense
versus defence battle that's</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>always gone on; for every offensive weapon, there's a
defence </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and then, when there's a</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>defence, there's an offense that beats the defence;
and this goes on to infinity </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and this is just</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>some more of the same...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Amelia Musgrove</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, bar owner</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After Reagan announced </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[that]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> the laser was coming to
Orogrande, it was the Cold War all over</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>again. They were moving it out here to intercept any
big </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[or]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> small bombs that would come in to</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>our properties.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">It became known as
"Star Wars". Dramatic tests of different high-powered lasers were
shown on American television. But, behind the scenes, there were serious
problems – especially with the grandiose promises of Edward Teller, working at
the </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Lawrence]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Livermore Laboratory. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dr. Hugh DeWitt</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, physicist, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There were a small number of X-ray laser tests done
underground in Nevada, but these tests were</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>failures as weapons; in no way could this thing have
been made into a weapon for use in space </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in that sense, they were failures. Yet, in spite of
this, Edward Teller wrote glowing letters to high</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>government officials under President Reagan </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From TV recording of ?testimony given by]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <b><i>Dr. Edward Teller</i></b><i>, former
Director, Livermore Centre</i> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<i>sic</i>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"This X-ray laser... is a remarkable
invention... and I am not allowed to tell you more; I wish I would</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>be allowed </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and I think I should be
allowed </i>–<i> to tell you more, because the Soviets know about</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>it anyway, in
detail."</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Hugh DeWitt</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Teller wrote: "For instance, a single X-ray
laser module, the size of an executive desk, which applied</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>this technology could potentially shoot down the
entire Soviet landbase missile force, if it were to</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>be launched into the module's field of
view."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now, this kind of statement
is absolute blithering</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>nonsense. It is science fiction. It's fantasy. It's </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> I also think it's
dishonest. It was a corruption of a</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>science technology to promote a fantastic idea that
could not ever work.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But to those who had first
persuaded the President, such problems were irrelevant. As it became apparent
that the Soviet Union was close to collapse, they claimed that – all along –
the idea had really been to bankrupt the "Evil Empire". </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Jerry Pournelle </b>with Larry Niven]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Pournelle:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>Son of a gun </i>–<i> it worked!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You know, we, we were putting together... we,
we used all</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the rational analysis we could to put together a
strategy to bring down the Evil Empire </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and we</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>did it!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
happened!</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Pournelle:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> It literally took a set of scientific concepts,
turn them into a policy, got it adopted and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>used it to bring about </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> in my judgement </i>–<i> one of the key
events of the twentieth century. Science</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>did that </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> it brought down the Evil Empire!</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">There were many reasons why
the Soviet Union finally collapsed, but few people would count "Star
Wars" among them. For forty years, the world had been frozen by the two
superpowers locked in conflict. The men from RAND </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">had seen this as a system
simple enough to control with the methods of science. When America's adversary
crumbled, that simple world was replaced by complexity and chaos far beyond the
reach of their abstract theories. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">James A. Thomson</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, President, RAND Corporation</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We, here at RAND, believe that the last forty years </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> the period from the end
of World War II until</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1989 </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> was really a very unique </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<i>sic</i>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>period in history.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Most of the history of Europe or of the world has
involved shifting balances of power and constant</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>warfare, whereas </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[during]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>the last forty <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>years, the balance of power was
fairly rigidly frozen; and</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>now we're seeing the balance of power <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>is going to now become more complex
</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> the way it was</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>before, in the eighteenth century and seventeenth
century.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Sam Cohen</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suddenly, the Soviet empire collapsed. What had kept
me going through all these many, many</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>years of professional activity disappeared. There was
no enemy.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We've returned to what we've never left: human
normalcy. And we're going to be in for more</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>surprises; I don't know what. We're going to be in
for more wars; of what kind, of what</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>magnitude, I don't know.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The strategists were part of
an age that believed political problems could be solved by the application of
knowledge. Their success in preventing Armageddon seemed proof that it worked.
But they were lucky enough to inhabit a world that was simple, frozen by the
deadlock between the superpowers. That odd moment in history is over; and with
it has gone the optimistic faith that the world was being changed for the
better.</span></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vkiwCXEusxQ?feature=player_embedded" width="550"></iframe>José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-27245381185233451862015-02-03T12:40:00.000+01:002015-02-03T12:40:21.037+01:00Pandora´s Box: A fable from the age of science, by Adam Curtis: 1. The Engineers' Plot<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DNw3BdZyK3w/VNCkSLkYHbI/AAAAAAABS1c/V8bkSo5BMpw/s1600/NDVD_000.BMP" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DNw3BdZyK3w/VNCkSLkYHbI/AAAAAAABS1c/V8bkSo5BMpw/s1600/NDVD_000.BMP" height="480" width="550" /></a></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>DE</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1qE9V0Z0S1w/VNCkZ09Ll1I/AAAAAAABS1k/-CpoW5SJCsg/s1600/Pandora_Box_titles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1qE9V0Z0S1w/VNCkZ09Ll1I/AAAAAAABS1k/-CpoW5SJCsg/s1600/Pandora_Box_titles.jpg" height="480" width="550" /></a></div>
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pandora's Box</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Adam Curtis, 1992</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Engineers' Plot</span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">PANDORA'S BOX</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">To those who began the
revolution in Russia, seventy-five years ago, science was a grand liberating
force. They believed Karl Marx had discovered the scientific laws of society,
which they would now use to unlock the gates to </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">a new world, where everyone
would be equal and free.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But within twenty years, the
revolution was taken over by technocrats, who looked down on the crowd below as
though they were atoms. They were inspired not by Marx, but by the laws of
engineering. They believed they could transform the Soviet Union into a giant
rational machine, which they would run for their political masters.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Evgenii A. Ivanov</b> (subtitled)]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Overlooking a street]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>Each of those people down there is unique,
yet each is part of some</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>cluster or group in society. And each group is
governed by a set of iron laws, as unchanging as</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the laws of nature, physics and the mechanical
sciences.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We wanted so desperately to make our people happy. To
give them, if not affluence, at least a</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>decent standard of living.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">THE ENGINEERS' PLOT</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A fable from the age of
science</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">This is a story of science
and political power; </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[of]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> how the Bolsheviks'
vision of using science to change the world was itself transformed. What
resulted was a strange experiment, far removed from the original aims of the </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">revolution. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">From the beginning of the
revolution, modern technology was central to the Bolsheviks' plans – above all,
the new power of electricity. In 1920, Lenin unveiled in the Kremlin a huge map
studded with lightbulbs to show the planned electrification of the country. To
illuminate the bulbs, all electricity in the rest of Moscow had to be shut off.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Vitalii Semyonovich Lelchuk</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, USSR Academy of Sciences </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[subtitled]</span><b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>The electrification plan was unlike any before in
history. It wasn't just about building power</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>stations. Its aim was to construct a new type of
human being.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">"Communism", said
Lenin, "is Soviet power plus electrification."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The aim of the Bolsheviks was to transform
the people they ruled into what they called "scientific beings":
people able to understand and control the machines of the modern world, rather
than become enslaved by them. They organised mass parades, where the machines
symbolically crushed the irrational dogmas of the past. Moscow became what
Lenin called a "talking city", its walls adorned with geometric
perspectives, giving glimpses of a new, rational world; its statues surrounded
by parallelograms and futuristic structures. Even music was used to transform
the way people understood the </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">world. Electrical machines
made what was called "rational music".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The most extraordinary
project of all was the Central Institute of Labour, set up on Lenin's orders.
It was run by Alexei Gastev, who photographed and studied workers as though
they were parts in a machine. It was far more than mere time-and-motion; Gastev
believed he could teach people to think and behave in a rational way. To do
this, he built the "social engineering machine", a giant structure of
pulleys, cogs and weights. How it worked is, today, a mystery, even to his son.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Alexei A. Gastev</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[subtitled]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>A social engineering machine was built at the
Central Labour Institute. The aim of social</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>engineering was to make society rational and train
the state for maximum efficiency in the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>same way as my father trained workers. He believed
society could be controlled like a machine.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The aim was to install these social engineering
machines all over the USSR. These machines</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>would make society function totally rationally. Man
would become a rational component of the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>machine.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">"Such is the power of
science", said Trotsky, "that the average human being will become an
Aristotle, a Goethe, a Marx; and, beyond this, new peaks will rise." In
fact, the power to shape the Soviet Union was passing to those who could build
the new industrial society that the Bolsheviks wanted so much. They were known
as the "bourgeois specialists"; engineers from before the revolution
who had the skills needed to master the modern technology. Many had actually
opposed the revolution, but, by 1923, they made up over three-quarters of the
powerful state planning committee. Under the Tsar, their plans for factories
and power stations had remained on the drawing board – now, they were being
given the chance to build them; and they became influential figures.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Nikolai Vassilievich Chernobrovov</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, electrical engineer, 1920s
</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[subtitled]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We all admired these pre-revolutionary specialists,
whose engineering skills built our power</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>stations. The ordinary people didn't really
comprehend electricity, but their instinct told them</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>it was the way to a better world.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Lenin saw how his dream of
control over this new technical world was slipping away. "To tell the
truth", he said, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">"the Communists are not
directing anything; they are being directed."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But, in 1924, Lenin died.
After a bitter struggle, Stalin seized power. He was determined to recapture the
momentum of the revolution. To do so, he decided to send Russia on a crash
course of industrialisation. It would bring even more power to the bourgeois
engineers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Alexei Leontevich Shatilin</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Hero of the Soviet Union </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[subtitled]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The train took seven days to reach Magnitogorsk from
Moscow. People came in their thousands.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In 1927, Stalin began the
"Five Year Plan". Hundreds of thousands of volunteers travelled to
the remote and desolate parts of the Soviet Union. Millions more were forced
off the land at gunpoint to join them. They had five years, Stalin told them,
to build a modern, industrial state.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Alexei Leontevich Shatilin</b> (subtitled)]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On arrival, we went straight to the site manager's
office. We were told to get to work immediately.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bucket-loads of alarm clocks were issued so we
wouldn't oversleep. "Stick at it, lads", we were</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>told, "this place will soon be a great
industrial centre with every facility."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Back then, it was just</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>empty steppe.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Magnitogorsk, built in the
far-off Ural Mountains on the edge of Asia, was to become one of the largest
steel plants in the world. At the centre of these gigantic projects were the
only engineers the Soviet Union possessed: the bourgeois specialists. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Lev Emmanuilovich Razgon</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, former Bolshevik </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[subtitled]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The bourgeois engineers were eager to run these grand
projects, but, in the process, they</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>bartered their own freedom. The engineers didn't see
the trap. They saw only limitless horizons</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of opportunity and creative freedom. None of them
imagined, even in their wildest dreams,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that they, the men who had striven to rebuild our
shattered economy, would be put on trial for</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>treason and sabotage.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">At the end of 1930, the
engineers' dreams suddenly became a nightmare. Stalin ordered two thousand of
them </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> arrested and eight
of the most senior were put on a public show trial.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The charges were fantastic.
The prosecutor alleged that the bourgeois engineers were leaders of a political
organisation – the "Industrial Party" – and had plotted to seize
power. Their government would've been </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">composed solely of technical
specialists and scientists. Their confessions were carefully rehearsed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">But behind this public
charade was a very real struggle. Stalin, like Lenin before him, had come to
realise that with technology came power. A year before, a group of these
engineers had publicly challenged him to give them more control of the Five
Year Plan. The future, they had announced, belongs to managing engineers.
Instead, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">they were led away from the
cameras, condemned to death or to continue to work on their schemes in chains.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A week later, Stalin
announed: "Bolsheviks must master technology. It is time for the
Bolsheviks themselves to become specialists. In the reconstruction period,
technology decides everything."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
ordered engineering schools to be set up across the country to train thousands
of the young Party faithful. But, in the process, the aim of the revolution was
redefined. Ten years before, technology was to've been a radiant means of
liberating millions of people. Now, it had become an end in itself. For these
young Red experts, it was simply large-scale industrial production.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Vitalii Semyonovich Lelchuk</b> (subtitled)]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hundreds of thousands of engineers had been trained.
To them, society was a machine. Stalin</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>once referred to human beings as tiny cogs and the
engineers adopted this terminology. Deep</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>down, they believed that this machine-like society
could be made to grow by purely technical</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>means. More and more factories were built, requiring
more and more engineers. In the process,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a strange thing happened. Engineers bred engineers.
We became a nation of engineers. We had</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>more than any other country.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The education the engineers
received was of the narrowest kind. Lunacharsky, the Commissar of Education,
pleaded with Stalin. "There is a certain minimum of general scientific
culture", he said, "which an engineer must master and which we cannot
dispense with. It is as if discovering that it is possible to live with four
fingers, we </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">have decided to cut off the
fifth one."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But he was dismissed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The model for this new,
simplified world was America, the most successful industrial state in the
world. Stalin was determined to overtake it. The prototype was Magnitogorsk,
which had been based on a particular American city.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gary, Indiana, USA</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Michael J. Grisak</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Gary steelworker, 1930s</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Reading from an old pamphlet about Gary, Indiana]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>"We invite you to a
city which has the largest</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>steel works, the largest tin plant</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>in the world. We invite
you to a city of blazing furnaces, of</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>handsome homes, of magnificent schools, of splendid
churches, of towering hotels and fraternal</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>temples, of shining beaches, of restful mews, of
winding drives of flashing water and dazzling</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sands" </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> this is the sea </i>–<i> "...that we
invite you..." – and, truthfully, it is called "The Magic
City"...</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>it is called "The Magic City" for these
reasons...</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Like many cities in
America's northeast, Gary, Indiana is now almost derelict. But, seventy years
ago, it was a new kind of model city, planned in an ordered way around a giant
steel mill. To its builders, it was a chance to break with the complexities of the
past.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Michael J. Grisak</b>]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>We were building that city and we took pride in
that. We started fresh; we didn't have to undo</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>anything... see </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> and we picked up what was the best all over.
Even the steel mills </i>–<i> we didn't</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>have to destroy something to put something better in;
we started with something better right</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>along. We got the best out of the catalogues that
were available. Those were some of the things</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that was </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<i>sic</i>]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> a "magic city" </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> there was a magic in
doing this thing; you took pride in something</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>like that.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They were all building the new world.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Magnitogorsk was a copy of
Gary. These plans for the works</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> [shown onscreen]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, with the city radiating out from beyond, were
drawn up by the same American designers that built Gary. Inspired by one of the
most ambitious construction projects in the world, some American engineers even
came to Magnitogorsk to take part in the building of Russia's "city of
steel".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Rosa Dmitrievna Inkina</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, construction worker,
Magnitogorsk </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[subtitled]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They inspired our dreams. We imagined a magnificent
city, just like America. We dreamed of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>palaces, houses and parks.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The workers made a lovely park. The first trees in
the park were all of metal, because there wasn't</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a single tree growing on the steppe.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The dream gave hope to our working lives. We believed
in it passionately. I hope we weren't wrong.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">As in Gary, a planned city
began to grow up around the plant. But in a quiet valley nearby, a very
different city was constructed, where the American engineers lived. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">From "Behind the Urals" by John Scott;
memoirs of an American engineer in Stalin's Russia</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover:] </span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">"Designed by a young Russian architect named
Saprykin, these dozen large houses were</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>copied almost
exactly from American architectural catalogs. The result was something very
much</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>approaching
Mount Vernon, New York, or Germantown, Pennsylvania. And in what everyone</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>called
"the American city", the atmosphere of a summer evening held the
suspicion of the smugness</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of Park
Avenue; yet, less than two miles away, the wolves howled and the wind blew
across the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>endless
Russian steppe..."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Rosa Dmitrievna Inkina</b> (subtitled)]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When we visited the American city, we heard lovely
music and singing. It was like setting foot in</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>another world.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Those who lived in "the
American city" were the new elite: a mixture of old Bolshevik commissars,
foreign technicians and an ever-increasing number of young Red engineers. By
the mid-thirties, the engineers had become the heroes in Soviet society.
Praised by Stalin, they flaunted their new status, relaxing in the shadow of
the modern industrial world they had built for him. Soviet man – who was once
to have surpassed Aristotle, Goethe and Marx – had been replaced by the image
of a zealous engineer taught to think of everything in </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">technical terms; and
completely loyal to Stalin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In the thirties, thousands
travelled to the Soviet Union to marvel at this dream come true. But what they
saw was not communism. Instead, it was an orderly society administered by
technocrats. George Bernard Shaw, like many other fellow travellers, made it
clear that what he admired was the benevolent despotism of these enlightened </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">technicians. "In
Russia", he said, "the leaders have been scientifically educated for
their job."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In 1937, Stalin began
another series of purges. This time, his targets were the tens of thousands of
old Bolsheviks. Once he had fought the revolution with them; now, they ran the
country as commissars and plant directors. In a notorious wave of show trials,
Stalin destroyed them. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[presumably from Scott's<i> Behind the Urals</i>, as above]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover, as before:] </span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">"The purge struck Magnitogorsk with great
force. No group, nobody in the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>works, was
spared."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Alexei Leontevich Shatilin</b> (subtitled)]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Word came through that all experts were to be
arrested. Zavenyagin, who was the head of the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>steelworks, received a telephone call. It was Korobov
at the blast furnace, saying: "The specialist</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>engineers are being taken away."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zavenyagin asked him: "If the experts
all leave, who's going</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to run the plant?" </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">–<i> "The young cadres", Korobov
replied </i>–<i> "Let them go, then", said Zavenyagin.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And then they were gone.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Alexei A. Gastev</b> (subtitled)]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>They arrested my father in 1938. A year later, he
was tried and shot.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I feel the social engineering machine would have
forseen the impending cataclysm. It was as</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>if a warehouse manager suddenly decided to liquidate
whole sections of his stock. The social</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>engineering machine would have grown frantic as it
sensed the approaching doom. But nothing</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>was done. History rolled on.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The beneficiaries of these
purges were Stalin's Red engineers. As the thirties drew to a close, they were
in charge throughout Soviet industry. Among them were young men like Leonid
Brezhnev, Alexei Kosygin and Nikita Khrushchev. Unlike their predecessors, the
bourgeois engineers, they were completely unquestioning of Stalin's political
aims. Their narrow specialist training now led them to approach the task of
planning the Soviet Union as </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">though it were a piece of
engineering. There would be technical solutions to everything.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Second World W]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ar seemed to prove the
engineers right. It was their organisation of the industrial plants that
ultimately saved Russia from the Nazis. Victory left large parts of the country
utterly destroyed. Those now in charge were convinced that to rebuild the
Soviet Union, an all-embracing plan would be needed – one in which everything
would be taken care of in a rational way. It was a vision of a planned utopia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[A clip from a post-WWII Soviet propaganda film starts, featuring ranks of
women marching and singing (subtitled)]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Comrades, comrades, to work, as in war;</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>All that we dream of,
all we wish and crave for,</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>we will have!
We'll prove ourselves at work just as we did at war ..."</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Everything in the new Russia
was to be designed and controlled from the centre of Moscow. As the women </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[in the propaganda
clip]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> sing of the future,
they march past the giant headquarters of this organised society: <i>Gosplan</i>
("State Plan").</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Evgenii A. Ivanov</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Senior Manager, USSR </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gosplan<i> </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[subtitled]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We receive information here on all facets of life in
the Soviet Union. It is channelled to this very</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>floor from the remotest corners of our vast country.
Behind these doors are the offices of our</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>department. I'll open one so you can see inside.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[He opens a door and
the camera looks in]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>The</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>comrades are busy. Our presence has gone unnoticed.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As the flow of information migrates through the
building, it becomes more and more</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>concentrated. This subsection receives the most
distilled data; the definitive numbers, the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ultimate information. Then, once the plan has been
decided, it turns into a vast surge of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>information which falls like rain on every worker,
controlling all the industries in the Soviet</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Union.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gosplan</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">'s managers built a world
that was simple, like a machine. Everything society needed, down to the
smallest object, was constructed to their design. Their instructions were
called "plan indicators"; rational predictions of what they knew
society needed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Valerii Nikolaievich Blinov</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Managing Director, Moscow
Toothbrush and Plastic Comb Factory </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[subtitled]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We manufacture 70 million toothbrushes a year; enough
for the entire population of the Soviet</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Union. Until recently, we had a huge number of plan
indicators imposed on us. Every toothbrush</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>was planned, like all the products we made.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Alexei Sergeevich Vassiliev</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Deputy Managing Director
in Charge of Quality </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[subtitled]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The tiniest details of our range are controlled by
government agencies. This includes the planning</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of quantities for each toothbrush.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">By the early fifties, vast
reconstruction projects had changed the face of Soviet cities. Rationing ended
six years earlier than in Britain. The Soviet Union was now an advanced
industrial society. It was the golden age of the plan. But in its grandeur, the
sweep of its ambitions, lay the seeds of its downfall.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Vitalii Semyonovich Lelchuk</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, USSR Academy of Sciences </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[subtitled]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In itself, the idea of planning is not in the least
absurd. But when it's undertaken by the state on</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a vast scale and it rules all aspects of life, then
it's absurd. Even the KGB was told the quota of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of arrests to be made and the prisons to be used.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The demand for coffins, novels and movies was all
planned. Things became increasingly absurd.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">When Stalin died, much of
the machinery of terror disappeared. The planned economy flourished. But, as it
did so, strange things began to happen. The planners discovered that what
seemed rational to them could lead to the oddest behaviour. Whole train-loads
of output travelled thousands of miles for no reason, simply to fulfil a plan
that measured success in tons carried per kilometre. Folk-tales about the plan
began to circulate.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Leonid Pavlovich Katovskii</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, taxi driver </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[subtitled]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[While driving through Moscow]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>The plan is the plan.
It's a pain in the arse. If you drive more miles</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a month than the plan allows, you're penalized. So,
if you want to stay within the permitted</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>mileage, you've to jack up the car, and wind back the
clock till it shows the right figure.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Nikita Khruschev, 1931
graduate from the Moscow Industrial Academy, understood the problem. It was the
growing complexity of Soviet society. What had made it manageable was not
scientific planning, but Stalin's brutal terror. Khruschev's dilemma was how to
change the plan and the thinking of those who made it. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Leonid Pavlovich Katovskii</b> (subtitled)]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There's </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gosplan<i> over there. They have endless meetings, but where they get their
plan from </i>–</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>God only knows. They should switch places with us.
Then they'd think twice.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Evgenii A. Ivanov</b> (subtitled)]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Back inside the <i>Gosplan</i> building]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>Here's another office. </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[He opens a door]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>Oh, they're out. In a</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>meeting, I expect.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In 1957, Khruschev attacked
the planning bureaucracy publicly. He made a speech that laid bare the growing
absurdities in Soviet life. Why, he asked, were sofas getting bigger and
bigger?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Why were the metal chandeliers
that hung from the Kremlin's ceilings – and everywhere else in Russia – so
heavy that they threatened to come crashing down?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The reason, he said, was the planners' method
of assessing the plan. The more metal, the more wood the factories used, the
better the plan was working. As part of a whole series of reforms, Khruschev
insisted that the bureaucrats must begin to take into account the price of
things.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sergei Mikhailovich Ulanov</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Head of Organization and
Methodology of Price Creation, USSR State Committee on </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Prices </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[subtitled]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Here at the Prices Committee, we fix the price of
everything. A total of 25 million items comes</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>under our scrutiny. We employ four-hundred highly
qualified experts. Their job is to calculate the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>prices, which are then logged in these handbooks </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[He indicates the
tall pile of books on the desk behind</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>which he is standing]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">. These are just a few.
There are many more. You could make a stack twice as</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>big as this one.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This shows quite clearly that the system is rational.
The system is cumbersome, I admit. However,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>with the aid of modern technology, all these price
handbooks </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[the phone on the desk starts ringing]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">will be reduced to just a few floppy disks which
the staff can keep in their desk drawers... Excuse me</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a second. </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[He answers the phone]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>Yes... Right away. </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[He replaces the
handset]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> I'm awfully sorry, but I'm</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>required by the Minister on urgent business.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Despite his optimism,
Khruschev's attempts to reform the planning system failed. Taking power away
from <i>Gosplan</i>, creating regional plans, only added to the complexity. One
senior scientist, Academician Glushkov, predicted that by 1980, the entire
Soviet population would be employed in administering the plan. The solution, he
said, was the new science of rational control from America: cybernetics.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[From an unidentified black-and-white film]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Voiceover:]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> "Cybernetics is a young branch of science
which has a tremendous future. Here is what</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Director of
the Institute of Cybernetics, Academician Victor Glushkov, says:
"Cybernetics occupies</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a central
place in the developing scientific and technological revolution. What I have in
mind is the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>use of computers
in planning the future, in forecasting scientific and technological
progress.""</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Academician A. S. Fedorenko</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, Director, Central
Economico-Mathematical Institute of the USSR Academy of </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sciences </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[subtitled]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research was telling us our economy was in deep
trouble. We racked our brains to design a</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>model that would help industry become more efficient.
People would then work harder and</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>this would create a better life for everyone.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We did all in our power to apply real economic
science to these problems. Not pseudo-science,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>but real economic science.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Into this computer </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[presumably the one
being shown onscreen]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, the planners fed all the information they could find about Soviet
society. For a brief moment in the mid-sixties, it revitalised the hope that science
could control society in a rational way.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Abel G. Aganbegyan</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, economist </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[subtitled]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Some of these people really believed that with
computers, you could plan and predict</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>everything. It was a utopia, an illusion.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>A. S. Fedorenko</b> (subtitled)]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I can't claim that it has worked yet. But we're
getting there. The problem is that they didn't</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>take our scientific advice.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[The Russian interviewer, off-camera, asks:]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>Why not?</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[Fedorenko replies:]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Because the people in charge didn't have a proper
understanding of science... and its basic</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>principles.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The attempt to use computers
on such a vast scale could not save the plan, or Nikita Khruschev. In 1964, he
was replaced by Brezhnev and Kosygin. They were convinced that there were
rational scientific solutions that could </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">still lead Russia to the
promised land.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The country's new leaders
realised that although the economy was still growing and living conditions
still improving, the plan was badly out of control. The problem was the
complexity of modern life; the intricacy of people's demands. The solution, the
planners believed, was to find a scientific way of predicting what their people
wanted.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">All-Union Scientific
Research Institute for the Study of the Population's Demand for Consumer Goods
and the</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Conjuncture of the Market</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Dr. Alexander Nikolaievich Voronov</b>, Director </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[subtitled]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Our task is easy and, at the same
time, difficult.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Dr. Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Nefedov</b>,
Economist </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[subtitled]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Take the demand for pantyhose. A rise
in demand is determined by certain</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>well-known factors: the number of
women wearers, the duration of pantyhose</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>wear and the number of pantyhose worn.
From that, we make a rough estimate</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>of demand. One of our chief sources of
information is a nationwide network of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>consumer correspondents, whose job is
to observe and study what people want.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Each city has two observers. Each
month they file a report. </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[He gets up and walks</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>off-camera]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <i>We process this data in
a computer and it comes out like this</i> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[He returns</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>with a lengthy
computer printout and unfurls it in front of the camera]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">. This tells us what</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>people are buying in all the basic
categories.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[He sits back down and Voronov begins</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>to help him fold
the printout's pages back together]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Other sources of data are special</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>consumer panels and nationwide...
surveys.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Dr. Natalya Antonovna Cherkasova</b>, Economist </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[subtitled]</span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>The problem is that industry reacts
very slowly to our scientific forecasts. For</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>instance, we decided people wanted
platform shoes. By the time industry got</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>round to increasing production, they
were out of fashion.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Nowadays, the Soviet consumer knows
that if there is enough of a particular</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>item in the shops, it's a sure sign
it's out of fashion.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Abel G. Aganbegyan</b> (subtitled)]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The late 1960s saw the most terrible period in our
post-war history. We called it the "years of</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>stagnation". In 1978, stagnation turned into
economic crisis. Food shortages began, factories</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>stood idle, standards of living slumped. They were
grim years. Our industrial base began to</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>function purely in its own interest. All the progress
we'd made in the 1960s was wasted.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">By the mid-seventies, the
Soviet leadership gave up attempting to reform the plan. As the economy finally
began to slow down, much of industry degenerated into pointless elaborate
ritual. What had begun as a grand moral attempt to build a rational society
ended by creating a bizarre, bewildering existence for millions of Soviet
people. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[<b>Vitalii Semyonovich Lelchuk</b> (subtitled)]</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Why weren't we able to transform our dreams into
reality?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Why didn't we succeed in</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>creating a society where everyone could be free and
fulfilled?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Who is to blame?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>science itself, but the men who mistook what science
was</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">[...glitch...]</span></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/h3gwyHNo7MI?feature=player_embedded" width="550"></iframe>
José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-67444903526751990812015-02-03T12:39:00.000+01:002015-02-03T12:39:20.394+01:00The Day After Trinity: J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb by Jon Else<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Crqc3lhRlnc/VNCR45Ben2I/AAAAAAABS0U/RZF53Lh1TOc/s1600/Day-After-Trinity.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Crqc3lhRlnc/VNCR45Ben2I/AAAAAAABS0U/RZF53Lh1TOc/s1600/Day-After-Trinity.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
Why did physicists a generation ago build atomic bombs? That question may be historical, but a satisfactory answer would tell us a great deal about our own times and our own selves. The question is asked, and to a remarkable extent answered, by Jon Else’s <i>The Day After Trinity</i>. For a balanced, yet gripping, view of the origins of nuclear weapons, this is the best film available. Although its 88-min length makes it most suitable for the movie theaters and television where it has been shown, its quality is so high that use in conjunction with classroom teaching can also be recommended. <br />
<br />
The film centers upon Robert Oppenheimer, whom it calls “the man responsible for building the bomb.” That is an exaggeration, of course—virtually the only point where inaccuracy creeps in—but it makes good sense to take Oppenheimer as the focal point of this inquiry. The film sketches his early years with a few quick strokes. It then concentrates, for about half of its length, on the years 19431945 when he directed the Los Alamos laboratory where the first atomic bombs were designed and assembled. In this central part of the story, the camera concentrates on the exhilirating life of the Los Alamos community as a whole, and on the later reflections of some of the people who were there. <br />
<br />
There is not much footage available to a film maker who wants to show Oppenheimer in these years. Else makes excellent, sometimes ingenious use of the available still photographs and short clips of film, but the work must ultimately be carried by interviews. Else transforms this necessity into a great virtue. Three-quarters or more of the film’s words are not the narrator’s but those of people who knew Oppenheimer, and especially physicists who worked with him, each a remarkable person. Frank Oppenheimer, Robert R. Wilson, and Freeman Dyson each appear more than a dozen times; Hans Bethe, I. I. Rabi, and Robert Serber almost as often; and a number of others more briefly. All of them speak clearly and from their hearts, so that the viewer cannot help but understand these people and<b> </b>why they built atomic bombs.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-a-SqiRcGsh4/VNCSAuLOmJI/AAAAAAABS0c/yCepm-Z1w6E/s1600/066884adcdf0d850c8d3c64d02a2f87d.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-a-SqiRcGsh4/VNCSAuLOmJI/AAAAAAABS0c/yCepm-Z1w6E/s1600/066884adcdf0d850c8d3c64d02a2f87d.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
The Los Alamos physicists explain that they, like Oppenheimer, felt atomic bombs were essential to counter the evil of Nazi aggression, and that their work was part of a war eifort enthusiastically pursed by almost all Americans. Archival footage of German soldiers, Americans in combat, and the incendiary bombing of Japanese cities (desolate landscape comparable to that at Hiroshima) puts the Los Alamos work firmly in its context. The film never attempts to draw parallels and keeps rigorously to history, yet anyone can tell that the same motives operate today: the hatred and fear of a perceived external evil, and the consensus in each nation for developing maximum military responses. <br />
<br />
But the question does not stop there. Alongside its straightforward narrative and interviews the film presents a more subtle level of answers. Partly it does this through its recurrent visual theme of the beautiful, desolate southwestern landscape where Oppenheimer took his vacations in the 1930s and subsequently placed his laboratory. On the one hand, this scenery helps show Oppenheimer’s humanity, his love of wilderness, friendship, and peaceful adventure. On the other hand, however, this is dry and strange country, investing the secret city of Los Alamos with an atmosphere of wild magic.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5igjPCFB3D8/VNCSKezoP2I/AAAAAAABS0k/86xdsHx5g4U/s1600/fa15093c905b09c7943048919285fa8b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5igjPCFB3D8/VNCSKezoP2I/AAAAAAABS0k/86xdsHx5g4U/s1600/fa15093c905b09c7943048919285fa8b.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
The film carries this theme into recently declassified color footage of preparations for the first bomb test at the barren Trinity site. In a sequence that has particularly impressed reviewers, the film transforms a routine shot of the spherical device being hoisted up the tower; in a low voice, the narrator reads from a 1945 memo that emphasizes the technical complexity and dangerous power of the bomb, until the eerie tension might recall a Frankenstein’s monster being elevated to receive vivifying thunderbolts in the famous 1930s horror films. <br />
<br />
We have now come far from Oppenheimer’s poetic love of nature, entering a realm of dark and mythic images. Just what was involved is explained by Dyson, who occupies a unique position in the film. Of all those interviewed, he is the only one who describes events which he did not himself witness (a distinction that only a very attentive viewer might notice). Possibly Dyson appears simply because of his wonderful eloquence and thoughtfulness, but I suspect that he also appears because he presents a view that the film makers felt was important, but did not elicit from physicists who worked at Los Alamos. <br />
<br />
“I have felt it myself,” Dyson explains at the film’s end, “the glitter of nuclear weapons. It is irresistible if you come to them as a scientist. To feel it’s there in your hands—to release this energy that fuels the stars...to lift a million tons of rock into the sky.” (The screen shows awesome explosions.) This “technical arrogance that overcomes people when they see what they can do with their minds,” according to Dyson, is partly “responsible for all our troubles.”<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-g2siBCKzWog/VNCSUDBUwCI/AAAAAAABS0s/481STKSEaNU/s1600/79c668c5d79c37d99a43071bec9b2e12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-g2siBCKzWog/VNCSUDBUwCI/AAAAAAABS0s/481STKSEaNU/s1600/79c668c5d79c37d99a43071bec9b2e12.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
I believe that is a just warning: the human hunger to command vast, almost divine forces must always be remembered as a part of the reason why so many of us support nuclear weapons. Unfortunately, once one begins to discuss such feelings it is hard to avoid falling into mythical language. The scientist begins to seem not just like someone who might dream of wizardry but like someone who is, in truth, a wizard or a Dr. Frankenstein. Dyson comes close to evoking such images when he says that Oppenheimer struck “a Faustian bargain if ever there was one,” selling his soul to the United States Army with General Groves cast as the devil, in return for knowledge and power. The conclusion from this is that “once you sell your soul to the devil, then there’s no going back on it.” Although I doubt that Dyson intended it, such language can evoke the common belief that nuclear physics really does involve powers so magical and terrible that they are beyond human comprehension and control.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IS1CcGyNSjQ/VNCSe4ZrjJI/AAAAAAABS00/zcsjo6JZDS4/s1600/ccd300ac8ec1a732677077612e182e95.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IS1CcGyNSjQ/VNCSe4ZrjJI/AAAAAAABS00/zcsjo6JZDS4/s1600/ccd300ac8ec1a732677077612e182e95.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
The film is not encouraging about the question of control. Its title calls attention to a statement that Oppenheimer himself makes in 1959 footage, near the film’s end. Responding to a question about halting the spread of nuclear weapons, he says: “It’s twenty years too late now. It should have been done the day after Trinity.” This despairing feeling that Faust’s soul is irrevocably lost, that the omnipotent genie is out of the bottle and beyond action of ours, is reinforced by the film’s treatment of what did happen in the days after Trinity. Oppenheimer and other scientists are shown as incapable of effective action against the use of their weapons. That may or may not have been true at Los Alamos in July 1945, but in the longer run physicists have been leaders in the effort to manage the situation brought about by our new weapons. <i>The Day After Trinity</i> simply does not have time to get into that, giving only a few superficial minutes to events after 1945. Anyone using this film in teaching should therefore take care to point out that it has limited value for discussions of current control issues. I do not say this as a criticism; the film simply does not address such issues. It concentrates all its energy on the prior question of how atomic bombs came to exist in the first place; this it handles with excellence.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kTN5SUYicnk/VNCSpM7qkOI/AAAAAAABS08/JjehkH0gO_U/s1600/ea9da47bbea37a567640daeb0894f2d0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kTN5SUYicnk/VNCSpM7qkOI/AAAAAAABS08/JjehkH0gO_U/s1600/ea9da47bbea37a567640daeb0894f2d0.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
Overall, there is little risk that a viewer will come away thinking of Oppenheimer as a Frankenstein or a Faust. In moving sequences we see his complex personality develop, for better and for worse, in the unique human and historical context. This is a superb film, the definitive work on its subject, terrifying and beautiful. It conveys a great deal of wisdom about how scientists have thought and acted regarding nuclear weapons, in the words of people who have pondered the matter for half of their lives. Such wisdom is surely useful in our present situation. I hope everyone will try to see, and show, this film.<br />
<br />
by Spencer R. Weart<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>In:<i> American Journal of Physics</i>., Vol. 50, No. 9, September 1982, p. 862-3.</b><br />
<br />
Produced and directed by Jon Else for KTEH-TV. Distributed by
Pyramid Films, 2801 Colorado Ave., Santa Monica, CA 90404. 16 mm or
3/4-in. videocassette, color, 1980. $950 (16 mm) or $450
(videocassette) purchase, $125 rental. (Reviewed by Spencer R. Weart,
Center for History of Physics, American Institute of Physics, 335 E.
45th St., New York, NY 10017.)<br />
<br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Physicist
Robert Oppenheimer by Ernest Hamlin Baker. © Image is copyright of its
respective owner, assignees or others. </span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-84hbbcwN1fQ/VNCS-Q1DpwI/AAAAAAABS1M/qSb-jdtvSXY/s1600/5cff2a39fdaff0fd04082e6cb67b8730.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-84hbbcwN1fQ/VNCS-Q1DpwI/AAAAAAABS1M/qSb-jdtvSXY/s1600/5cff2a39fdaff0fd04082e6cb67b8730.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Zh7LA8UQ3TI/VNCSz01guSI/AAAAAAABS1E/FWUHodNBNaA/s1600/cdf9978e309250752405bae94940a72a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Zh7LA8UQ3TI/VNCSz01guSI/AAAAAAABS1E/FWUHodNBNaA/s1600/cdf9978e309250752405bae94940a72a.jpg" height="512" width="550" /></a></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/P1DhWglFeLU?feature=player_detailpage" width="550"></iframe>
José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-49887438946492681452015-01-28T11:48:00.001+01:002015-01-28T11:48:20.029+01:00 Particle Physics and Negative Knowledge<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bVHGsbTvLxQ/VL4UhVAJSiI/AAAAAAABRI4/QoDozr6wRqY/s1600/ZZMass_CMS-300x288.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bVHGsbTvLxQ/VL4UhVAJSiI/AAAAAAABRI4/QoDozr6wRqY/s1600/ZZMass_CMS-300x288.png" height="614" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
"Negative Knowledge and the Liminal Approach<br />
<br />
Having argued that to assure success HEP experiments turn toward the care of the self, I now want to add that they also turn toward the study of “liminal” phenomena, things which are neither empirical objects of positive knowledge nor effects in the formless regions of the unknowable, but something in between. Limen means “threshold” in Latin. The term has been used in the past to refer to the ambiguous status of individuals during transitional periods of time (Turner 1969). I shall use the term to refer to knowledge about phenomena on the fringe and at the margin of the objects of interest. High energy physics incorporates liminal phenomena into research by enlisting the world of disturbances and distortions, imperfections, errors, uncertainties, and limits of research into its project. It has lifted the zone of unsavory blemishes of an experiment into the spotlight, and studies these features. It cultivates a kind of negative knowledge. Negative knowledge is not nonknowledge, but knowledge of the limits of knowing, of the mistakes we make in trying to know, of the things that interfere with our knowing, of what we are not interested in and do not really want to know. We have already encountered some forces of this kind in the background, the underlying event, the noise, and the smearing of distributions. All of these are limitations of the experiment, in the sense that they are linked to the features of the detector, the collider, or the particles used in collisions. High energy collider physics defines the perturbations of positive knowledge in terms of the limitations of its own apparatus and approach. But it does not do this just to put the blame on these components, or complain about them. Rather, it teases these fiends of empirical research out of their liminal existence; it draws distinctions between them, elaborates on them, and creates a discourse about them. It puts them under the magnifying glass and presents enlarged versions of them to the public. In a sense, high energy experimental physics has forged a coalition with the evil that bars knowledge, by turning these barriers into a principle of knowing.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PZadNtFcIfY/VL4UtepioPI/AAAAAAABRJA/s7_2ByrXxBc/s1600/higgsFiveSigma.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PZadNtFcIfY/VL4UtepioPI/AAAAAAABRJA/s7_2ByrXxBc/s1600/higgsFiveSigma.jpg" height="428" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
In Christian theology, there was once an approach called “apophantic theology” that prescribed studying God in terms of what He was not rather than what He was, since no positive assertions could be made about His essence. High energy experimental physics has taken a similar route. By developing liminal knowledge, it has narrowed down the region of positive, phenomenal knowledge. It specifies the boundaries of knowledge and pinpoints the uncertainties that surround it. It delimits the properties and possibilities of the objects that dwell in this region by recognizing the properties of the objects that interfere with them and distort them. Of course, if one asks a physicist about “negative knowledge” he or she will say that the goal remains to catch the (positive, phenomenal) particles at loose, to measure their mass and other (positive, phenomenal) properties, and nothing less. All else is the ways and means of reaching this goal. There is no doubt that this goal is indeed what one wishes to achieve, and occasionally succeeds in achieving, as with the discovery of the vector bosons at CERN in 1983 (Arnison et 1983a,b; Bagnaia et al. 1983; Banner et al. 1983). My intention is by no means to deny such motivations or their gratification, but what is of interest as one works one’s way into a culture is precisely the ways and means through which a group arrives at its gratifications. The upgrading of liminal phenomena—the torch that is shone on them, the time and care devoted to them—is a cultural preference of some interest.4 For one thing, it extends and accentuates what I call HEP’s negative and self-referential epistemics. For another, the majority of fields, among them molecular genetics, does not share this preference. And, lastly, it is quite remarkable how much one can do by mobilizing negative knowledge.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PFxfA64ZwCk/VL4U3GFNDoI/AAAAAAABRJI/GwozlcP8JPQ/s1600/higgs_P-values_sigma_5.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PFxfA64ZwCk/VL4U3GFNDoI/AAAAAAABRJI/GwozlcP8JPQ/s1600/higgs_P-values_sigma_5.png" height="470" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
There are two areas in which the liminal approach is most visible: the area of errors and uncertainties and the area of corrections. Let me start with the latter. The idea of a correction is that the limits of knowing must enter into the calculation of positive knowledge. For example, “meaningless” measurements can be turned into meaningful data by correcting them for the peculiarities and limitations of the detector. “What you really want to know,” as a physicist summed up this point, “is, given that an event is produced in your detector, do you identify it.” Corrections can be characterized as “acceptances”, or as “efficiencies.” An acceptance tells physicists “how many events my detector sees of what it should see”; it is the number of observed events divided by the number of produced events.5 An overall acceptance calculation requires a detector response model: it requires that all the physics processes that end up in a detector are generated, and a full detector simulation is created to ascertain what the detector makes of these processes. In UA2, the detector response model also included such components as a simulation of the underlying event and detector performance measures, such as its geometrical acceptance (which describes how many events are lost through the incomplete coverage of detectors with dead angles and cracks), its resolution (which refers to the smearing of distributions described earlier), and its response curves (which determine the reaction to energy inputs that deviate from those of the test beam used to determine the basic calibration constants)."<br />
<br />
Karin Knorr Cetina, <i>Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge</i>, p.63-65.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mgq-0qPwrXU/VL4U-1Z0IJI/AAAAAAABRJQ/SMqh9Fz8n2c/s1600/gnuaf.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mgq-0qPwrXU/VL4U-1Z0IJI/AAAAAAABRJQ/SMqh9Fz8n2c/s1600/gnuaf.png" height="358" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rW0gSl-YA6I/VL4VGg7CDqI/AAAAAAABRJY/0RtONmm3rGk/s1600/71HFTRXDPJL.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rW0gSl-YA6I/VL4VGg7CDqI/AAAAAAABRJY/0RtONmm3rGk/s1600/71HFTRXDPJL.gif" height="640" width="398" /></a></div>
Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge, by Karin Knorr Cetina. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. xix + 329 pp.<br />
<br />
<br />
Karin Knorr Cetina offers the reader a valuable comparative look at the “epistemic cultures” (the arrangement and mechanisms by which we come to know what we know) in two fields of science—high-energy physics (HEP) and molecular biology (MB). She believes there is a “diversity” among epistemic cultures, which reveals “disunity” within the sciences—hence the comparative approach. Her analysis is not focused on the construction of scientific knowledge, but rather the “machineries of knowledge construction”—the practices that go into the making of scientific knowledge—and the “cultures” that surround and give symbolic meaning to such practices. Following a chapter that examines the constitution of differing types of laboratories, Knorr Cetina offers up a series of comparative chapters that deal with the configuration of “reality,” the technological machinery, and the social arrangements entailed in the two fields. A final chapter in the form of an imagined dialogue between author and reader, which worked less well for me than most of the book, tries to set what has been learned about these two epistemic cultures within what Knorr Cetina sees as a broader trend toward knowledge-based societies in the Western world. A brief summary of Knorr Cetina’s analysis, which is based on many years of participant observation and interviews with selected practitioners, can hardly do justice to the complexities of her findings. Nor is the reading always easy, in part due to the science itself. Nonetheless, a review of some of the author’s key points is revealing of the richness of this important study.<br />
<br />
Knorr Cetina views laboratories as reconfigurations of natural and social orders, ones in which scientists have also become “specific epistemic subjects” as they are shaped and transformed with regard to the kinds of technologies and techniques they use. She views HEP laboratories in terms of technologies of “correspondence” that “stage” real-world phenomena, while MB laboratories involve technologies of “treatment and intervention” in which the objects of research are processed partial versions of these phenomena. Thus, the detectors of particle physics laboratories are sign-processing technologies that examine particle beams within “a closed circuitry” in which measurements are inside the staged experiment, not outside as in the molecular biology laboratory, which is open to “natural” objects. Detectors mediate between the experiment and their data representation of the phenomenon. Because detectors vary widely, interact with each other, and are tied to “background” processes, HEP laboratories often focus on negative knowledge areas of imperfection and uncertainty as ways to narrow down the region of positive, phenomenal knowledge. This also accounts for why experimental physicists often focus so much attention on analyzing the experiment itself, rather than the objects of it. By comparison, the more open MB laboratory seeks to maximize empirical contact through experimental manipulation of objects to develop positive knowledge. In contrast to the large-scale nature of HEP experiments, molecular biology is a benchwork science dealing with small objects in small laboratories. When problems arise, it adopts a “blind variation natural selection” approach that tries out various alternative procedures until one is successfully found to “fit” and is hence selected. This is in sharp contrast to the more “scientific” self-analytical problem investigation of HEP experiments. Finally, MB uses the sensory body of the scientist as an information-processing tool in a way that has been eliminated by the HEP detector.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-g1dM5vuSgc8/VL4VcC0-sOI/AAAAAAABRJo/vbVqxjgui6k/s1600/1609g2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-g1dM5vuSgc8/VL4VcC0-sOI/AAAAAAABRJo/vbVqxjgui6k/s1600/1609g2.gif" height="294" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
Knorr Cetina moves from the discussion of what goes on experimentally in the two types of laboratories to an analysis of the symbolic classifications that particular physicists and molecular biologists superimpose on their technical universes and that reveal relationships between objects and subjects. HEP is dominated by technology that determines what physicists can do, yet these machines turn into symbolic organisms. Thus, detectors “see” and are “in/sensitive” and can have “reactions” and “responses” while “interacting” with particles. They also “age,” “act up,” and “get sick” and can either “cooperate” or “misbehave.” Scientists blame the “background,” not the detector, which is a “friend,” while they “fight” the background, trying to “kill” it. Physicists seem less imaginative about themselves, referring symbolically to themselves in terms of the objects with which they work—hence the “electron group” or the “top working group.”<br />
<br />
Whereas machines are organically symbolized in HEP laboratories, in MB, living organisms are transformed into production systems and molecular machines. MB does not deal with naturally occurring plants and animals; rather, it cultures its own entities for study. Thus, mouse breeding for experiments is “standardized” and “rationalized” as part of a “well-oiled production line,” and while cell lines are certainly “cared for,” it is out of concern for economy of time and resources, not a sense of morality. Mice, cell lines, bacteria, and vectors are production devices themselves— autonomous units in which biological tasks are performed not for the host’s own needs but for human objectives. Substances created by such biological machines are mass-produced, uniform, and pure. It is in this sense that the term “genetic engineering” sustains the idea of biological machines and suggests a technological view of molecular biology.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yQKgywjvpLI/VL4VrCYqVMI/AAAAAAABRJw/7QGB825uR7Q/s1600/higgs-cms.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yQKgywjvpLI/VL4VrCYqVMI/AAAAAAABRJw/7QGB825uR7Q/s1600/higgs-cms.jpg" height="434" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Knorr Cetina’s third area of comparative analysis deals with the collective, communitarian structure of HEP experiments and the far more individualized nature of the MB laboratories. HEP experiments—because they depend so centrally on singular and very large experimental devices, involve hundreds of financially independent “institutes,” and whose “life” may run for upwards of twenty years—tend as a result to be cooperatively managed by content rather than by social hierarchies. Thus, funding, research work, and publication are largely divorced from individual scientists and are instead collectively focused. Because no one individual or even a small group can do all the work, “naming” and “epistemic agency” have shifted to the experiment, and publications are authored alphabetically with all the many hundreds of participants being listed. Conferences are attended by a variety of “spokespersons” who reflect the collaborative nature of the work. Horizontal “object-centered” organizational structures characterize HEP experiments, as does the free flow of open “discourse” through widely circulated “status reports” and “confidence pathways” that help link people together. Knorr Cetina characterizes all this as entailing a “post-traditional communitarian structure.”<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XVLoIfBWJX8/VL4VyvnRluI/AAAAAAABRJ4/ZeHTGVe3xRw/s1600/Higgs_Equation_530(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XVLoIfBWJX8/VL4VyvnRluI/AAAAAAABRJ4/ZeHTGVe3xRw/s1600/Higgs_Equation_530(1).jpg" height="606" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
By direct contrast, MB laboratories entail a dual organizational format in which individual units focused around single researchers do the direct research, while a laboratory leader provides overall direction and is the focal point for the laboratory as a whole. In MB, where there is no dominating technical apparatus as in HEP, the individual scientist remains the epistemic subject, using skills and expertise in small “lifeworlds” that are largely separate from each other. The laboratory, which is a grouping of otherwise spatially and often territorially separate activities, is personified in the leader who must position and represent the entity as a whole to those in the outside scientific community. Competitive tensions may evolve, for while most work is conducted by Ph.D. students, post-docs, and permanent position scientists, it is generally only the laboratory leader who travels to conferences to represent the laboratory and hence reaps the benefits. There can also be tensions between those responsible for their own research projects and those who do necessary, but often unrecognized, “service” work within a laboratory. Primary authorship thus becomes much more of a competitive issue, for it is through such recognition that one advances through a more hierarchical career path than is generally evident in HEP, hopefully to become a laboratory leader at some point in the future. Knorr Cetina points out that there is a more well-defined “logic of exchange” in MB laboratories, in contrast to the communitarian principles evident in HEP experiments. Finally, she briefly notes that gender seemed to be more of an issue in MB laboratories than in HEP experiments, which she characterized as more typically being “mono-gendered,” albeit with a look more male than female.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-q4-QKqCYpvI/VL4XeowVQ_I/AAAAAAABRKE/_WbZFoHikiQ/s1600/31.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-q4-QKqCYpvI/VL4XeowVQ_I/AAAAAAABRKE/_WbZFoHikiQ/s1600/31.gif" height="510" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
In sum, this is a sophisticated study that because of its comparative lens provides the reader with useful insights into the two fields, insights that might otherwise be harder to discern if examined separately. Knorr Cetina’s study of the “cultures” within which scientific knowledge is constructed is a useful addition to science studies and contributes to our overall understanding of the multiple ways science is practiced. It further suggests the tight fit between techniques, technological instrumentation, and scientific knowledge creation in contemporary laboratory work. Epistemic Cultures should be a STS standard for some years to come.<br />
<br />
—Stephen Cutcliffe Lehigh University<br />
<br />
<b><cite>Science, Technology, & Human Values</cite></b><br />
<b>Vol. 26, No. 3 (Summer, 2001), pp. 390-393</b><br />
<br />
See also my interview with Prof Karin Knorr Cetina for Folha de SP, 2/5/2010, Mais!<br />
<a href="http://urania-josegalisifilho.blogspot.de/2011/09/acelerador-de-gente-entrevista-com.html">http://urania-josegalisifilho.blogspot.de/2011/09/acelerador-de-gente-entrevista-com.html</a><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-e5r_KShwvwU/VL4VQjKBJ0I/AAAAAAABRJg/hzsZ0uJgSv8/s1600/knorrcetina.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-e5r_KShwvwU/VL4VQjKBJ0I/AAAAAAABRJg/hzsZ0uJgSv8/s1600/knorrcetina.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-37477181732537942032015-01-28T11:41:00.003+01:002015-01-28T11:41:37.016+01:00The Ghost in the Machine<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xtXq9LooQYc/VMSvHIZ0WMI/AAAAAAABR-g/6yymafUPKmo/s1600/51VfKcDi1FL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xtXq9LooQYc/VMSvHIZ0WMI/AAAAAAABR-g/6yymafUPKmo/s1600/51VfKcDi1FL.jpg" height="640" width="422" /></a></div>
<br />
<i>Replications: A Robotic History of the Science Fiction Film</i> by J. P. Telotte. Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1995. 222pp. Review by: Vivian Sobchack<br />
<br />
<br />
The central argument of this gracefully written and unpretentious volume is that “the image of human artifice, figured in the great array of robots, androids, and artificial beings found throughout the history of the science fiction film, is the single most important one in the genre.” Such replications of human function and being and the dramas of identity they generate can be tracked through time, marking “the interactions between the human and the technological that lie at the very heart of science fiction” (5). Historically played out in sf cinema through the figures of robots, androids, cyborgs and other technological “doubles” of the self, this central “fantasy of roboticism” (9) articulates increasing human ambiguity about the ambiguity of being human in the face of our own ever-increasing capacity for artifice. Telotte attributes this ambiguity to both the desire and fear that surround our relations with technology and its creative/destructive power to mirror, interrogate, extend, transform, and dissolve our human being. The power of technological replication “exercises its seductive potential by...offering to make us more than we are— to grant us a nearly divine sway over life and death” while also “fundamentally devaluing human nature” (17) insofar as it becomes indistinguishable from or inferior to human artifice. Broadly tracking the history of the genre, Telotte notes the paradox of, on the one hand, the structural reversibility between the human and its technologically-constructed double and, on the other, the functional asymmetry and historical oscillation whereby we project ourselves into and as the technological “other” until our replications become “more human than human.” Thus, the human reasserts itself—revalued in the technological. Indeed, Telotte sees the genre’s teleology as “headed less toward showing the human as ever more artificial than toward rendering the artificial as ever more human, toward sketching the human, in all its complexity, as the only appropriate model, even for a technologically sourced life” (23).<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NoR5LJ9JDDg/VMi8XwV4-II/AAAAAAABSPc/aDq6kY6L0gM/s1600/06_brigitte_helm-theredlist.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NoR5LJ9JDDg/VMi8XwV4-II/AAAAAAABSPc/aDq6kY6L0gM/s1600/06_brigitte_helm-theredlist.jpg" height="500" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HXyOdvRmCgs/VMi4eUQSXLI/AAAAAAABSOI/YInszCAipN8/s1600/XrgoOMF_3vEabc%2B(153).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HXyOdvRmCgs/VMi4eUQSXLI/AAAAAAABSOI/YInszCAipN8/s1600/XrgoOMF_3vEabc%2B(153).jpg" height="478" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
These rather general statements point to both the strengths and weaknesses of <i>Replications</i>. Its strength is that it presents a solid and chronological trek through the genre’s history that is clear and cogent in its readings of those paradigmatic texts selected to embody the volume’s central thematic. Its weakness is that, despite citation of major cultural theorists such as Haraway, Foucault, and Baudrillard and insightfiil readings of specific films, the volume tells us little new about the genre because its attempts at historical and cultural specificity are relatively cursory and in the service of a universalizing and fuzzy humanism. Certainly, Telotte is aware of the limits of his study and explicit in telling us that it “stops short—as history, as explication of the genre, and as cultural commentary” (i 94). What, then, do we get instead? A modest “vantage” point on our “technological doubles” via readings of a selective group of films that are intelligently glossed in terms of their specific thematics, but unfortunately put into only the most general relation to the historical and cultural conditions of their production and reception.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_sdjH52JJrs/VMi4lRjqVdI/AAAAAAABSOQ/mB6cO_KwDT4/s1600/Golem-film.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_sdjH52JJrs/VMi4lRjqVdI/AAAAAAABSOQ/mB6cO_KwDT4/s1600/Golem-film.jpg" height="432" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
Chapter 1, “Our Imagined Humanity,” raises some general theoretical issues and discusses the “fantasy of roboticism” in relation to literary and dramatic texts such as Shelley’s <i>Frankenstein</i>, Poe’s “The Man That Was Used Up” and “Maelzel’s Chess-Player,” Capek’s<i> R.U.R</i>., and, more significantly, in relation to science fiction writers Edgar Rice Burroughs, Isaac Asimov, and Jack Williamson, Stanislaw Lem, and William Gibson. The aim of this “overview of a robotic mythos” (51) is to contextualize the film analyses to follow and, in a limited way, it does so. However, it also sets the book’s mode of generalization about technology, culture, and history, a mode that, through default, assumes the sameness of cultural difference as it asserts the genre’s historical specificity.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nTIKc5Ff_00/VMi4qAwIHFI/AAAAAAABSOY/kMbKA4uGA3Q/s1600/image005.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nTIKc5Ff_00/VMi4qAwIHFI/AAAAAAABSOY/kMbKA4uGA3Q/s1600/image005.jpg" height="602" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Chapter 2, “The Seductive Text of <i>Metropolis</i>,” quickly introduces the work of early film-makers and goes on to focus on Lang’s <i>Metropolis </i>(1926) as paradigmatic of the ambivalence surrounding technology found in “early cinematic images of human artifice” (58). Telotte’s insightful analysis articulates the homology between the film’s seductive images and “special effects” and its narrative: “Metropolis seems self-conscious about how these images can make us desire the very technological developments whose dangers it so clearly details. It is almost as if Lang, in order to keep his ‘special effects’ from becoming too seductively ‘special,’ had decided to foreground seduction itself, especially through his central image of human artifice, to lay bare its workings” (59). Unfortunately, however, the cultural specificity of <i>Metropolis </i>is almost completely elided (much as is Lem’s work in Chapter 1). That the film is German, what it might have to do with the history of technology and its culture and, indeed, what it might have to do with ours (given the book’s predominant, if unmentioned, emphasis on American cinema) are issues that become subordinated to a general point and trajectory that lose substance as they are put in the service of a rather general argument.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ULTPu-Ra_kA/VMi4xqWDpUI/AAAAAAABSOg/bDlXdo56mwo/s1600/Golem_web2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ULTPu-Ra_kA/VMi4xqWDpUI/AAAAAAABSOg/bDlXdo56mwo/s1600/Golem_web2.jpg" height="640" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
Chapter 3, “A ‘Put Together’ Thing: Human Artifice in the 1930s,” considers films that foreground “violent efforts to redefine the human body as some sort of raw material, waiting to be reshaped, reformed by a scientific capacity for artifice” (86). Focusing on <i>Frankenstein </i>(1931), <i>Island of Lost Souls</i> (1933), and<i> Mad Love</i> (1935)—which problematize the generic boundaries between horror and sf—Telotte is able to productively analyze the “image of the body under dissection, rendered as a thing to be explored, mastered, and reshaped” (74). These “mad scientist” movies are not merely “modem versions of the Promethean myth,” but “operate more in the Pygmalion mold, as they address what it means to fashion or refashion the human” (87) and dramatize the effect of the modem scientific spirit as the devaluation and subjection of the human. Reflecting a doubling of creator and created in which “the human [is] at odds with itself” (88), these generic hybrids dramatize both the desire for god-head and the overwhelming anxiety that we “might too readily assist in our own grotesque reconfiguration” (89).<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k6r3jdTTJJU/VMi45bfCxLI/AAAAAAABSOo/l1ZKN5IkN6Q/s1600/thegolem3-470x416.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k6r3jdTTJJU/VMi45bfCxLI/AAAAAAABSOo/l1ZKN5IkN6Q/s1600/thegolem3-470x416.jpg" height="566" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
Chapter 4, “A ‘Charming’ Interlude: Of Serials and Hollow Men,” addresses sf serials of the 1930’s and 1940’s. At a time when Hollywood features gave us “little evidence of...technological fascination” (94), serials not only frequently featured robots and automata, but also were, themselves, machine-like constructions standardized in design and narratively predictable. The “imaginative worlds” of Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers both “depend on and stand for the forces of dynamic power, control, and undifferentiation— forces that explicitly in the course of their narratives, but implicitly in their every use, promise to turn the individual into a component part in some large machine, part and product in a serial process” (98). However, Telotte notes, the robots of the serials were relatively “empty” threats, “hollow” men who played out human rather than technological will—more like The<i> Wizard of Oz</i>’s Tin Man than the darker and more complex technological doubles to follow.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-731x5_LDCFM/VMi5AY9xG0I/AAAAAAABSOw/YmzOEv160FQ/s1600/thegolem2-470x264.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-731x5_LDCFM/VMi5AY9xG0I/AAAAAAABSOw/YmzOEv160FQ/s1600/thegolem2-470x264.jpg" height="358" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
Chapter 5, “Science Fiction’s Double Focus: Alluring Worlds and Forbidden Planets,” deals with the fantasy of roboticism in the “golden age” of the 1950s through a focus on <i>Forbidden Planet </i>(1956). Not only does the film feature “Robby the Robot” (a replicant prominently functioning as a replicator), but it also “fashions a world practically full of doubles...doubled characters, repeated actions, and most importantly a thematic concern with duplication or imitation” (114) that emerges from and ultimately destroys both its central figure Dr. Morbius and the entire planet. For Telotte,<i> Forbidden Planet </i>is paradigmatic of a growing cultural awareness not only of the seductions of simulation, but also “a lack in the double, a danger in the simulacrum that justifies the warning its title sounds” (114).<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4g7IFfWHlP8/VMi5GWKpk0I/AAAAAAABSO4/Hz1RzT-ZGS0/s1600/thegolem1-470x263.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4g7IFfWHlP8/VMi5GWKpk0I/AAAAAAABSO4/Hz1RzT-ZGS0/s1600/thegolem1-470x263.jpg" height="358" width="550" /></a></div>
Chapter 6, “Lost Horizons: <i>Westworld</i>, <i>Futureworld</i>, and the World’s Obscenity,” addresses the increasing conflation and confusion of the human and its simulacrum in 1970’s sf. Gone are the differences marked by mechanical robots and in their place—our place—are less easily detected androids. With recourse to Baudrillard’s notion of obscenity as complete “displayability,” Telotte glosses this shift as corresponding to the increasing collapse of “private life and public spectacle” in a “media-suffused environment” (132) which translates “‘private scenes,’ the space of desire, into public space” (136) such as Disneyland and, in sf, Delos. Thus, <i>Westworld </i>(1973) and <i>Futureworld</i> (1976) both model and critique “the culture of schizophrenia that much of modem life and especially our artifice seem to promote” (139).<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FPywm5vhbWE/VMi5MkGe-aI/AAAAAAABSPA/b33OcnA06AY/s1600/1-golem-300x209.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FPywm5vhbWE/VMi5MkGe-aI/AAAAAAABSPA/b33OcnA06AY/s1600/1-golem-300x209.jpg" height="445" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
Chapter 7, “Life at the Horizon: The Tremulous Public Body,” suggests that sf film in the 1980’s recasts this schizophrenic vision of artifice by figuring its “subversive character” in a master trope that projects into our technological double the desire for “freedom and expression, even as it is pressed to be the perfect, servile subject of society” (149). Focusing on<i> Blade Runner</i> (1982), <i>Robocop</i> (1987), <i>Cherry 2000</i> (1988), and <i>Total Recall</i> (1990) as texts which “respond to the blurred boundaries, the lost horizons foregrounded by our artifice,” Telotte argues that these films both “speak of their own constructed nature and of the sort of public images of the self that the movies typically project” (165) and also affirm “how much of the human inevitably remains...despite our long history of repressing, denying or ‘de- realizing’ the self” (164).<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1mxjLIjYVxY/VMi5Uv3pFgI/AAAAAAABSPI/-wNmXe4hXXU/s1600/thegolem4-470x260.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1mxjLIjYVxY/VMi5Uv3pFgI/AAAAAAABSPI/-wNmXe4hXXU/s1600/thegolem4-470x260.jpg" height="354" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
Chapter 8, “The Exposed Modem Body: <i>The Terminator and Terminator 2</i>,” uses the chapter’s eponymous films (1984, 1991) as “fitting caps” for the volume’s “discussion of human artifice” (171). Both films reveal the con- structedness of being, and also urge that we not judge human beings by their “covers.” The “new gloss on the nature of the self in a postmodern and inevitably technologized environment” is that the body as it appears is “infinitely variable, deceptive, and regenerative” (177). Telotte, by way of Robert Ro- manyshyn, concludes that these and other recent films about human artifice provide both symptoms of and occasions for critical distance. They not only show us how we reduce being “to the status of things,” but also allow us, “by reexamining that distant and superficial view of things...by peeling back the artificial surface and looking into our depths,” to “recognize how much we have iost touch with things’...and begin to reclaim the self” (183).<br />
<br />
<i>Replications </i>is an accessible volume that might make a very good introductory text for undergraduates who haven’t much experience with interpreting either films or science fiction. Because of its brevity and over-arching generality, however, it may be less than satisfying for those who are looking for a closely tracked archaeology or complexly developed genealogy of “the robotic mythos” and its relationship to specific changes in American culture’s romance with technology, to science fiction as a popular film genre, and to the very technologies of representation that enable the motif its visible appearance on screen.<br />
<br />
-Vivian Sobchack, University of California at Los Angeles.<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><i>In: Science Fiction Studies</i>, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Jul., 1996), pp. 299-302</b><br />
<br />
See also:<a href="http://urania-josegalisifilho.blogspot.de/2012/05/the-exposed-modern-body-terminator-and.html"> http://urania-josegalisifilho.blogspot.de/2012/05/the-exposed-modern-body-terminator-and.html</a>José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-7029438111156695982015-01-27T08:55:00.000+01:002015-01-27T16:45:23.777+01:00The Exploration of Space by Dr Edwin P Hubble* <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-F2I35OGJ07U/VL4cCHpkTzI/AAAAAAABRKQ/4rAwQhaHVW8/s1600/Scientific_American_Volum-000.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-F2I35OGJ07U/VL4cCHpkTzI/AAAAAAABRKQ/4rAwQhaHVW8/s1600/Scientific_American_Volum-000.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<i>Desiring to give those of our readers who may not have heard the broadcast the opportunity of reading so clear a statement of such a large phase of astronomical research by so eminent an authority, we asked and were readily granted permission to reprint the text. Possibly those who did hear the broadcast will, like ourselves, welcome the privilege of reading and studying it at leisure. We, therefore, present it here with much satisfaction. </i><br />
<br />
EDITOR <br />
<br />
Astronomy is the study of the universe - the study of its structure and its behavior. From our home on the earth we look out into the dim distances, and we strive to imagine the sort of world into which we are born. We are confined to the earth. Our knowledge of outer space is derived from light waves and other radiations which come flooding in from all directions. <br />
<br />
From time immemorial men studied the heavens with their unaided eyes. Finally, about three centuries ago, the telescope was invented. With the growth and development of these giant eyes, the exploration of space has swept outward in great waves. Today we explore with a telescope 100 inches <br />
<br />
- more than 8 feet - in diameter. It has the light gathering power of more than 200,000 human eyes. We observe a volume of space so vast that it may be a fair sample of the universe itself. Men are already attempting to infer the nature of the universe from a study of this sample. <br />
<br />
The explorations fall into three phases. The first phase led long ago to a picture of the solar system - the sun with its family of planets, including the earth, isolated and lonely in space. <br />
<br />
Then, after several centuries had passed, a picture of a stellar system began to emerge. This was the second phase. The sun was found to be merely a star, one of several thousand million stars which, together, form our stellar system - a swarm of stars drifting through space as a swarm of bees drifts through the air. <br />
<br />
From our position within the system, we look out through the swarm of stars, past the boundaries, into the universe beyond. The conquest of this outer space is the third, and most recent, phase of the explorations. <br />
<br />
The outer regions are empty for the most part. But, here and there, scattered at immense intervals, we now recognize other stellar systems, comparable with our own. These stellar systems, these lonely drifting swarms of stars, are the true inhabitants of the universe. <br />
<br />
They are so remote that, in general, we cannot distinguish their individual stars; the swarms appear merely as vague, cloudy patches of light, and were called by the name “nebulae”, the Latin word for “clouds”. <br />
<br />
A few of the nebulae appear large and bright; these are the nearest swarms. Then we find them smaller and fainter, in constantly increasing numbers, and we know that we are reaching out into space farther and ever farther until, with the faintest nebulae that can be detected with the greatest telescope, we reach the frontiers of the Observable Region. <br />
<br />
This glimpse of space, thinly populated by drifting swarms of stars, has been revealed by great telescopes, and in particular by the greatest of all those in actual operation, the l00-inch reflector of the Mount Wilson Observatory. It was the 100-inch that first detected individual stars in a few of the nearest nebulae, and identified among them several types of stars that are well known in our own system. Since the real brightness, or candle-power, of such stars had already been measured in our own system, their apparent faintness indicated their distances and, consequently, the distances of the nebulae in which they lay. <br />
<br />
Once the essential clue of the distances was found, the mystery of the nebulae was quickly solved. They are, in fact, huge stellar systems, like our own system, and they appear small and faint only because they are vastly remote. <br />
<br />
Some nebulae are giant systems and some are dwarf, but the range in candle- power is not great. For statistical purposes, they can all be considered as equally luminous. Therefore, their distances ate correctly indicated by their apparent faintness. This property has been used to survey accurately the whole of the Observable Region out as far as telescopes can reach. <br />
<br />
The scale of the survey is so immense that a special unit of distance is employed in the reports. This unit is the light year - namely, the distance light travels in a year going at the rate of 186,000 miles each second. The number of miles in a light year is six million million - in other words, six followed by 12 ciphers. Light reaches the earth from the moon in about one and one-third seconds, from the sun in about eight minutes, and from the nearest star in about four and one-half years. This last figure is typical. The average distance between neighboring stars in our system is several light years. The diameter of our system (which is one of the giant nebulae) is about 100,000 light years. <br />
<br />
The faintest nebulae that can be detected with the greatest telescope are, on the average, about 500 million light years away. We intercept and photograph today the light which left these stellar systems far back in a remote geological age. This light has been sweeping through space for millions of centuries at the speed of 186,000 miles each second. Truly, as we look out into space, we look back into time.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_5Fr6nyrEUM/VL4cObmMJtI/AAAAAAABRKc/v_kYGuaIhVM/s1600/H_K_redshift.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_5Fr6nyrEUM/VL4cObmMJtI/AAAAAAABRKc/v_kYGuaIhVM/s1600/H_K_redshift.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
With the largest telescope, we can look out into space about 500 million light years in all directions. Thus, the Observable Region is a vast sphere, about 1000 million light years in diameter, with the observer at the center. <br />
<br />
Throughout this sphere are scattered about 100 million nebulae, each a stellar system at some stage of its evolution history. These nebulae average about 10,000 light years in diameter and about 100 million times the brightness of the sun. The average distance between neighboring nebulae is about two million light years. <br />
<br />
A rough model of the Observable Region might be represented as follows. Assume that the sphere, 1000 million light years across, is reduced to a sphere with a diameter of one mile and a half. Then the 100 million nebulae are reduced to the size of golf balls, and they are scattered through the sphere at average intervals of about 30 feet. On this scale, the earth could not be seen with a microscope, not even with an electron microscope. <br />
<br />
The nebulae are scattered singly, in groups, and even in clusters, but this irregularity is a minor detail. When very large volumes of space are compared, they are found to be remarkably alike. On the grand scale, the Observable Region is very much the same everywhere and in all directions <br />
<br />
- in other words, it is homogeneous. <br />
<br />
This feature could not be predicted. It is the first characteristic definitely established for our sample of the Universe. <br />
<br />
Only one other general feature has been found. Light reaching us from the nebulae has lost energy in proportion to the distance it has traveled. The fact is established, but the explanation is still uncertain. <br />
<br />
<br />
* One of a series, delivered by American scientists, on the New York
Philharmonic-Symphony program, sponsored by United States Rubber
Company. Reprinted by permission of the United States Rubber Company.
Courtesy: Maria Mitchell Observatory. Provided by the NASA Astrophysics
Data System. <br />
<br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>DE</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:DoNotOptimizeForBrowser/>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:none;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->In:<i> Popular Astronomy</i> (Vol.54, p. 183, 1946).<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JryTGuMjZnI/VL4c_lcJDQI/AAAAAAABRKg/ou8NiiTqrPU/s1600/discovering_image_05.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JryTGuMjZnI/VL4c_lcJDQI/AAAAAAABRKg/ou8NiiTqrPU/s1600/discovering_image_05.jpg" height="480" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-6533215993018923092014-12-06T13:50:00.000+01:002014-12-06T13:53:15.722+01:00Moholy-Nagy, Experiment in Totality by Walter Gropius<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DIYpmjNG-NU/VILvX9MlDUI/AAAAAAABNcc/eMYuTstc6WE/s1600/50229.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DIYpmjNG-NU/VILvX9MlDUI/AAAAAAABNcc/eMYuTstc6WE/s1600/50229.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
When I first saw the manuscript of this book I felt a certain apprehension which, I think, was quite natural for one who is about to see the life and work of his close friend revealed to the public; a friend, moreover, whose activities were so intense! connected with one of the most decisive periods of my own life. But soon I felt reassured as I became acquainted with this splendid and honest account of Moholy-Nagy's development from early experiments to full maturity. Moholy was always in the public eye, yet most people saw only the more obvious milestones of achievement which crystallize into "news stories." The other story, the intimate and often bitter story of one man's struggle for fulfillment, has been up to now the precious possession of his friends and collaborators, and of his wife, who was certainly the most devoted.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6BjA5oR7ewE/VILzxJwzLQI/AAAAAAABNck/8yhJ_Z8Xv2M/s1600/Laszlo_Moholy-Nagy_-_photography_from_NARA_-_281845.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6BjA5oR7ewE/VILzxJwzLQI/AAAAAAABNck/8yhJ_Z8Xv2M/s1600/Laszlo_Moholy-Nagy_-_photography_from_NARA_-_281845.jpg" height="392" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
Looking back today, the difficult, contradictory and confusing years between the two World Wars, which form the background for the greater part of this book, seem to have provided a pitifully short time for a generation which approached its artistic endeavors with the zeal and enthusiasm released by the political change in Central Europe. But it was a period inspired by constructive ideas not as yet subjected to the blight of frustration which overshadows the world today. Those were the years of Moholy's and my collaboration in the Bauhaus of Weimar and Dessau, the development of which was deeply influenced by Moholy, the fiery stimulator.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Iubaa7lixM8/VILz7VaKEAI/AAAAAAABNcs/bdaXKmB-H7E/s1600/lightmodulator02dailyicon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Iubaa7lixM8/VILz7VaKEAI/AAAAAAABNcs/bdaXKmB-H7E/s1600/lightmodulator02dailyicon.jpg" height="640" width="449" /></a></div>
<br />
After the Nazi nightmare had caused us both to leave Germany, we saw each other again in England, and later in the United States where I was fortunate enough to secure his leadership for The New Bauhaus in Chicago, subsequently renamed the Institute of Design. As the Bauhaus principles had never been based on limited nationalistic concepts, its seeds could be transplanted and further developed in this country. Against heavy odds which might havediscouraged a giant, Moholy managed to pull the Institute through difficult years, never losing his indomitable courage and confidence. And still he did not let himself become absorbed only in his educational work, extensive as it was, but simultaneously produced a wealth of art that embraces the whole range of the visual arts.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RQS8z8Th3dc/VIL0NitIluI/AAAAAAABNc0/XfjEZwnwAeI/s1600/lightmodulator01dailyicon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RQS8z8Th3dc/VIL0NitIluI/AAAAAAABNc0/XfjEZwnwAeI/s1600/lightmodulator01dailyicon.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
His greatest effort as an artist was devoted to the conquest of space. His genius ventured into all realms of science and art to unriddle the phenomena of space and light. In painting, sculpture and architecture, in theater and industrial design, in photography and film, advertising and typography, he incessantly strove to interpret space in its relation to time, that is, motion in space.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x1D2QkJl3Bs/VIL0XtAStkI/AAAAAAABNc8/HZUsLgXeYH8/s1600/m198121630001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x1D2QkJl3Bs/VIL0XtAStkI/AAAAAAABNc8/HZUsLgXeYH8/s1600/m198121630001.jpg" height="311" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
Constantly developing new ideas Moholy maintained an unbiased curiosity, from which originated his continually fresh point of view. With a shrewd sense of observation he investigated everything<br />
that came his way, taking nothing for granted, always applying his acute sense of the organic. His was the attitude of an unprejudiced, happy child at play, surprising us by the directness of his intuitive approach. Here I believe was the source ofhis priceless quality as an educator: his never-ceasing power to stimulate and fire others with his enthusiasm. What more can true education achieve than setting the student's mind in motion by that contagious magic?<br />
<br />
Moholy has been successful simultaneously as thinker and artist,,as writer and teacher. That would seem to be almost too vast a range for one man, but abundant versatility was uniquely his.With his power of imagination he kept this broad variety of interestsin balance. His vision took brilliant shortcuts, synchronizing: his observations into a consistent whole, for he was aware of the danger of today's overspecialization which so often leads to fallacies.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XIVPg8BGJOI/VIL0hEGzglI/AAAAAAABNdE/KWyQfHGDmjM/s1600/selbstportrait-moholy-nagy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XIVPg8BGJOI/VIL0hEGzglI/AAAAAAABNdE/KWyQfHGDmjM/s1600/selbstportrait-moholy-nagy.jpg" height="266" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
Moholy seems always to have been acutely conscious of the preciousness of time; he worked with dedicated zeal to realize his^ideas as though driven by the recognition that the destructive tendencies of our time could be changed into constructive forces!; only by a universal, superhuman effort. He had convinced himself of the generative power of all art and he wanted to see that powerj liberated in each individual with whom he came in contact. Ha had molded himself into a world citizen who would not let his ever-broadening outlook he narrowed by national barriers. Thus, Moholy the artist finally became a moral leader, all his activities being controlled by his strong social responsibility.<br />
<br />
This book, <i>Moholy-Nagy, Experiment in Totality</i>, is evidence of a new attitude in the contemplation and formation of our physical world.<br />
<br />
BY WALTER GROPIUS, chairman, department of architecture, Harvard University<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EKgPFvp2YUw/VIL0torYraI/AAAAAAABNdM/tgRP_2TQ0nk/s1600/MOHOLY-NAGY_1922_Constructivism_and_Proletariat-620x232.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EKgPFvp2YUw/VIL0torYraI/AAAAAAABNdM/tgRP_2TQ0nk/s1600/MOHOLY-NAGY_1922_Constructivism_and_Proletariat-620x232.jpg" height="236" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
<b>In: <i>Moholy-Nagy, Experiment in Totality</i>, by Sibyl Moholy-Nagy</b><span class="author notFaded" data-width=""><b>. New York, 1950, pp, 7-9.</b></span><br />
<br />
<span class="author notFaded" data-width=""><b> </b><span class="contribution"><span class="a-color-secondary"></span></span></span>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/FDOVwZ7ZnWo?feature=player_detailpage" width="550"></iframe>José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-23563952201100946492014-11-30T12:37:00.000+01:002014-11-30T12:37:55.332+01:00Eleusis by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel <br />
<div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<img alt="" height="635" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="550" /> </div>
<br />
The mystic philosopher Hegel dedicated this poem to his friend Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin in August 1796. The two had first met at the Tübingen Seminary in 1788, and had remained in contact. Rich in mystical symbolism, the poem expresses the importance of the ancient mystery schools to these eighteenth century philosophers and literary figures.<br />
<br />
<br />
Oh! If the doors of your sanctuary should<br />
crumble by themselves<br />
O Ceres, you who reigned in Eleusis!<br />
Drunk with enthusiasm, I would<br />
shiver with your nearness,<br />
I would understand your revelations,<br />
I would interpret the lofty meaning of the<br />
images, I would hear<br />
the hymns at the gods’ banquets,<br />
the lofty maxims of their counsel.<br />
Even your hallways have ceased to echo,<br />
Goddess!<br />
The circle of the gods has fled back to<br />
Olympus<br />
from the consecrated altars;<br />
fled from the tomb of profaned humanity,<br />
the innocent genius who enchanted them<br />
here! —<br />
The wisdom of your priests is silent, not one<br />
note of the sacred<br />
initiations preserved for us—and in vain<br />
strive<br />
the scholars, their curiosity greater than their<br />
love<br />
of wisdom (the seekers possess this love and<br />
they disdain you)—to master it they dig<br />
for words,<br />
in which your lofty meaning might be<br />
engraved!<br />
In vain! Only dust and ashes do they seize,<br />
where your life returns no more for them.<br />
And yet, even rotting and lifeless they<br />
congratulate themselves,<br />
the eternally dead!—easily satisfied—in vain<br />
—no sign<br />
remains of your celebration, no trace of an<br />
image.<br />
For the son of the initiation the lofty<br />
doctrine was too full,<br />
the profundity of the ineffable sentiment was<br />
too sacred,<br />
for him to value the desiccated signs.<br />
Now thought does not raise up the spirit,<br />
sunken beyond time and space to purify<br />
infinity,<br />
it forgets itself, and now once again its<br />
consciousness<br />
is aroused. He who should want to speak<br />
about it with others,<br />
would have to speak the language of angels,<br />
would have to experience the poverty of<br />
words.<br />
He is horrified of having thought so little of<br />
the sacred,<br />
of having made so little of it, that speech<br />
seems to him a<br />
sin, and though still alive, he closes his<br />
mouth.<br />
That which the initiate prohibits himself, a<br />
sage<br />
law also prohibits the poorest souls: to make<br />
known<br />
what he had seen, heard, felt during the<br />
sacred night:<br />
so that even the best part of his prayers<br />
was not disturbed by the clamor of their<br />
disorder,<br />
and the empty chattering did not dispose<br />
him toward the sacred,<br />
and this was not dragged in the mud, but<br />
was entrusted to memory—so that it did<br />
not become<br />
a plaything or the ware of some sophist,<br />
who would have sold it like an obolus,<br />
or the mantle of an eloquent hypocrite or<br />
even<br />
the rod of a joyful youth, or become so<br />
empty<br />
at the end, that only in the echo<br />
of foreign tongues would it find its roots.<br />
Your sons, Oh Goddess, miserly with your<br />
honor, did not<br />
carry it through the streets and markets, but<br />
they cultivated it<br />
in the breast’s inner chambers.<br />
And so you did not live on their lips.<br />
Their life honored you. And you live still in<br />
their acts.<br />
Even tonight, sacred divinity, I heard you.<br />
Often the life of your children reveals you,<br />
and I introduce you as the soul of their acts!<br />
You are the lofty meaning, the true faith,<br />
which, divine when all else crumbles, does<br />
not falter.<br />
<br />
<img alt="" height="640" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="550" /><br />
<br />
Translation from Giorgio Agamben,<i> Language and Death: the Place of Negativity</i>, translated by Karen Pinkus with Michael Hardt (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006), 7-9, © 2006 University of Minnesota Press,<a href="http://www.upress.umn.edu/Books/A/agamben_language.html"> http://www.upress.umn.edu/Books/A/agamben_language.html</a>.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Endnote</span></b><br />
<br />
1 Georg Hegel, Eleusis, in Giorgio Agamben,<i> Language and Death: The Place of Negativity</i>, translated by Karen E. Pinkus with Michael Hardt (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006), 6-9. Available at<a href="http://content2.wuala.com/contents/nappan/Documents/%20Agamben,%20Giorgio%20-%20Language%."> http://content2.wuala.com/contents/nappan/Documents/Agamben,%20Giorgio%20-%20Language%.</a><br />
<br />
In: <i>Rosicrucian Digest</i> No. 2 2009, pp. 26-27.José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-11338879598971781202014-10-21T13:41:00.000+02:002014-10-21T13:41:36.489+02:00Scientific Ideas their Origin and Effects by Max Planck<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Nf_ZG1tQ-gY/VEY0C5bPzII/AAAAAAABJXk/rqEtf2UI438/s1600/Max-Planck.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Nf_ZG1tQ-gY/VEY0C5bPzII/AAAAAAABJXk/rqEtf2UI438/s1600/Max-Planck.jpg" height="426" width="550" /></a></div>
It will be well to begin with some words of explanation on the subject of the present chapter. The origin and effect of scientific ideas may seem a somewhat general and also a somewhat arrogant theme; it might even be suggested that it would have been better had I confined myself to the ideas of natural science. Yet if I had so confined myself the ideas with which I propose to deal would have been restricted in a manner which I consider unnecessary and unnatural. Looked at correctly science is a self-contained unity; it is divided into various branches, but this division has no natural foundation and is due simply to the limitations of the human mind which compel us to adopt a divsion of labor. Actually there is a continuous chain from physics and chemistry to biology and anthropology and thence to the social and intellectual sciences, a chain which cannot be broken at any point save capriciously. Again, the methods used in the various branches are found, if closely considered, to have a strong inner resemblance, and if they appear to differ, it is only because they have to be adapted to the different subjects which they treat. This inner resemblance has become more and more evident in recent times, to the great advantage of the whole of science. Hence I consider myself entitled to begin with considerations applying to the whole of science; although of course when I pass to more particular applications I shall tend to confine myself to my own subjects.<br />
<br />
Let me begin by asking how a scientific idea arises and what are its characteristics. In asking these questions I cannot attempt, of course, to analyze the delicate mental processes taking place in the investigator’s mind and, what is more, largely in his subconscious mind. These processes are mysteries which can be revealed only to a limited extent if at all, and it would be equally foolish and rash to attempt any study of their inmost nature. The most that we can do is to begin with the obvious facts, which means that we investigate those ideas which have actually proved their leavening force for any branch of science; and this in turn means that we ask in what form they first occurred and what was their content at that time.<br />
<br />
The first result of such an investigation is the discovery of the following rule: any scientific idea arising in the mind of a scholar is based on a concrete experience, a discovery, an observation, or a fact of any kind, whether it is a physical or an astronomical measurement, a chemical or a biological observation, a discovery among the archives or the excavation of some valuable relic of an earlier civilization. The content of the idea consists in this experience being compared and being brought into contact with certain different experiences in the mind of the scholar, in other words, in the fact that it establishes a link between the old and the new, so that a number of facts which had hitherto co-existed loosely are now definitely inter-related. The idea becomes fruitful and hence attains value for science if the interconnection thus established can be applied more generally to a series of cognate facts: for the establishment of an interconnection creates order, and order simplifies and perfects the scientific view of the universe. What is most important, however, is that the task of applying the new idea in its entirety shall lead to new questions and hence to new studies and to new successes. And this is true of the physicist’s hypotheses no less than of the interpretations established by the philologist.<br />
<br />
I propose now to exemplify the above in some detail, and in doing so I desire to confine myself to my own subject of physics. The angle of vision may appear somewhat restricted; on the other hand I shall be able to throw a clearer light upon the subject. <br />
<br />
A classical example of the sudden emergence of a great scientific idea is found in the story of Sir Isaac Newton who, sitting under an apple tree, was reminded by a falling apple of the movement of the moon around the earth and thus connected the acceleration of the apple with that of the moon. The fact that these two accelerations are to each other as the square of the radius of the moon’s orbit is to the square of the earth’s radius, suggested to him the idea that the two accelerations might have a common cause and thus provided him with a foundation for his theory of gravitation.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-h8Tb3zmQfNM/VEY0KjO06_I/AAAAAAABJXs/QkL7Nu-KYWU/s1600/WONDERLAND5.widea_t614.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-h8Tb3zmQfNM/VEY0KjO06_I/AAAAAAABJXs/QkL7Nu-KYWU/s1600/WONDERLAND5.widea_t614.jpg" height="360" width="550" /></a></div>
Similarly, James Clerk Maxwell, on comparing the strength of a current measured electromagneti- cally with the strength of a current measured electrostatically, found that the ratio between these two magnitudes agreed numerically with the speed of light, and thus formed the idea that electromagnetic waves are of the same nature as light waves. This agreement became the starting-point of his electromagnetic theory of light.<br />
<br />
We thus find that it is a characteristic of every new idea occurring in science that it combines in a certain original manner two distinct series of facts; and this can be traced in every instance, though certain differences occur with regard to content and formation. These differences in turn bring about differences in the effect and the fate of the different scientific ideas. Some of them eventually become the common property of science, are taken for granted and cease to be stressed. Such has been the fate of the two ideas just mentioned: of Newton’s idea about the similarity between the acceleration of the moon and the gravitational acceleration on earth; and of Maxwell’s idea about the electromagnetic nature of light. It is true that a good deal of time had to elapse before the latter idea won acceptance; at first, it tended to be disregarded, especially in Germany, where Wilhelm Weber’s theory, which was based on the assumption of immediate action at a distance, held the stage. It was not until Heinrich Hertz made his brilliant experiment with ultra-rapid electric oscillations that Maxwell’s theory obtained the recognition it deserved.<br />
<br />
Other ideas which have become the lasting heritage of science are those which hold that sound waves are of a mechanical nature and that rays of light and heat are identical. Teachers of physics tend to deal all too briefly with these ideas, and they should be reminded that there was a time when these ideas were far from being commonplaces. The second of the two just mentioned was indeed for years the subject of fierce controversy. It may be mentioned as a curiosity that the scientist whose experiments contributed most to its success —the Italian physicist, Macedonio Melloni—began by being one of its opponents, an instructive example showing that scientific values are independent of their theoretical interpretation. <br />
<br />
But most of the ideas which play a part in science are different from those enumerated. The latter were perfect when they first took shape and will always retain their validity unchanged; these others assume their final form gradually, retain their value for a time and eventually either die or are modified to a more or less considerable degree. Frequently enough they resist modification and this resistance tends to be obstinate in proportion to their past successes: there have been occasions when this resistance has sensibly hampered the progress of science. Physics offers some instructive examples which it may be worth while to discuss in detail.<br />
<br />
I propose to begin with the idea of the nature of heat. <br />
<br />
The first stage in the development of the theory of heat consisted in calorimetry. It was based on the assumption that heat behaves like a delicate substance which flows from the hotter to the colder body whenever there is contact between two bodies having different temperatures. No quantitative change is supposed to take place during this process. This hypothesis worked well so long as no mechanical effects entered into play. A difficulty consisted in the production of heat by friction or compression, and this it was sought to overcome by assuming that the capacity of bodies for heat was variable, so that heat could be pressed out of a body under compression, like water being pressed out of a wet sponge, during which process the quantity of water remains unchanged. Later, when the invention of heat-utilizing power systems made more urgent the question of the laws governing the production of mechanical work from heat, Sadi Carnot tried to formulate the production of work out of heat on the analogy of the production of work out of gravity. As the falling of a weight from a greater to a less height can produce work, so the transition from a higher to a lower temperature can be used for the same purpose; and as the work obtained from gravitation varies as the weight of the body and the difference in height, so the work produced by heat varies as the amount of heat transferred and the difference in temperature.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kWcIzdnuoqQ/VEY0TU8XoGI/AAAAAAABJX0/x1p9hEiiVQU/s1600/so-you-think-youre-confused-about-quantum-mechanics-9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kWcIzdnuoqQ/VEY0TU8XoGI/AAAAAAABJX0/x1p9hEiiVQU/s1600/so-you-think-youre-confused-about-quantum-mechanics-9.jpg" height="358" width="550" /></a></div>
This materialist theory of heat received a shock from the empirical fact that a body’s capacity for heat remains practically unaffected by compression and by friction; and it was finally refuted by the discovery of the mechanical heat equivalent, the significance of which consists in the fact that heat is dissipated in friction and new heat is produced in compression. The older theories of heat were thus reduced ad absurdum and it became necessary to build up a new theory. This task was undertaken by Rudolf Clausius and it was fulfilled in a number of classical works in which the second main principle of thermal dynamics was established. This principle presupposes that there are irreversible processes, i.e., processes which cannot in any way whatever be reversed. Now the conduction of heat, friction, and diffusion are among these processes.<br />
<br />
Carnot’s theory to the effect that the transition from a higher to a lower temperature was analogous to the falling of a weight from a higher to a lower level was not, however, to be so easily refuted. There were physicists who considered Clausius’ ideas unnecessarily complicated and vague and who objected particularly to the introduction of the idea of irreversibility, by which a unique position among the various kinds of energy was assigned to heat. Accordingly they formed the theory of energetics in opposition to Clausius’ thermo-dynamics. The first principle of this theory agrees with that of Clausius in enunciating the preservation of energy; the second principle, however—that which indicates the sense of events—postulated a thoroughgoing analogy between the transition from a higher to a lower temperature and the falling of a weight from a higher to a lower level, or again, the passing of electricity from a higher to a lower potential. Hence it came about that irreversibility was declared superfluous in order to prove the second principle, and that the existence of an absolute zero was denied, it being pointed out that temperature resembled levels of height and levels of potential in that only differences and nothing absolute could be measured. The fundamental distinction which consists in the fact that a pendulum swings past the position of equilibrium before coming to rest and that a spark passing between two conductors having opposite charges oscillates, whereas there is no such thing as an oscillation of heat between two bodies between which heat is passing, was considered irrelevant by the energetist school and was passed over in silence.<br />
<br />
I myself experienced during the ’80’s and ’90’s of the last century what the feelings of a student are who is convinced that he is in possession of an idea which is in fact superior, and who discovers that all the excellent arguments advanced by him are disregarded simply because his voice is not powerful enough to draw the attention of the scientific world. Men having the authority of Wilhelm Ostwald, Georg Helm, and Ernst Mach were simply above argument. <br />
<br />
The change originated from a different side altogether: atomism began to make itself felt. The atomic idea is extremely old; but its first adequate formulation took shape in the kinetic gas theory which originated more or less contemporaneously with the discovery of the mechanical heat equivalent. The energetists at first opposed it vigorously, and it led a modest existence; towards the end of last century, however, experimental investigation led to its rapid success. According to the atomist idea the transference of heat from the hotter to <br />
the colder body does not resemble the falling of a weight; what it resembles is a mixing process, as when two different kinds of powder in a vessel, having first constituted different layers, eventually mingle with each other if the vessel is continually shaken. If this happens the powder does not oscillate between a state of complete mixture and complete isolation of the constituent powders; what happens is that the change takes place once in a certain sense, viz., in the direction towards complete mixture, and is then at an end: the process is an irreversible one. Seen in this light the second principle of thermo-dynamics is found to be of a statistical nature: it states a probability. The arguments supporting this view and indeed raising it beyond any doubt have been well stated by my colleague, Max von Laue.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OoVJ-F6bpaA/VEY0aruTp4I/AAAAAAABJX8/NpV4O_vVbq4/s1600/459142d-i1.0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OoVJ-F6bpaA/VEY0aruTp4I/AAAAAAABJX8/NpV4O_vVbq4/s1600/459142d-i1.0.jpg" height="560" width="550" /></a></div>
The historical development here described may well serve to exemplify a fact which at first sight might appear somewhat strange. An important scientific innovation rarely makes its way by gradually winning over and converting its opponents: it rarely happens that Saul becomes Paul. What does happen is that its opponents gradually die out and that the growing generation is familiarized with the idea from the beginning: another instance of the fact that the future lies with youth. For this reason a suitable planning of school teaching is one of the most important conditions of progress in science. Accordingly, I should like to deal briefly here with this point.<br />
<br />
What is learned at school is not as important as how it is learned. A single mathematical proposition which is really understood by a scholar is of greater value than ten formulae which he has learned by heart and even knows how to apply, without, however, having grasped their real meaning. The function of a school is not so much to teach a business-like routine as to inculcate logical and methodical thought. It may be objected that ultimately it is the ability to do things rather than knowledge that matters; and it is true that the latter is valueless without the former, just as any theory is ultimately important only by reason of its particular applications. Yet routine can never be a substitute for theory, for in any cases that fall outside the rule, routine breaks down. Hence the first requisite, if good work is to be done, is a thorough elementary training; and here it is not so much the quantity of facts learned as the manner of treatment that matters. Unless this preliminary training is acquired at school, it is hard to obtain it at a later stage: training colleges and universities have other tasks. For the rest, the last and highest aim of education is neither knowledge nor the ability to do things, but practical action. Now practical action must be preceded by the ability to act, and the latter in turn demands knowledge and understanding. The present age, which lives at such a rapid rate, and shows so much interest for every innovation having an immediate sensational effect, provides us with instances where scientific training tends to anticipate certain exciting results before they have properly ripened; for the public is favorably impressed if the curriculum of an intermediate school already contains modern problems of scientific investigation. Yet such a practice is exceedingly dangerous. The problems cannot possibly be dealt with thoroughly, and the consequence may easily be to induce a certain intellectual superficiality and empty pride in knowledge. I should consider it extremely dangerous if the intermediate schools were to deal with the theory of relativity or the quantum theory. Specially gifted scholars always require exceptional treatment; but the curriculum is not designed for such, and I would definitely condemn any attempt to take such a question as that of the universal validity of the principle of the preservation of energy—which, of course, to-day is seriously regarded as an open one in nuclear physics—and to treat it as debatable before pupils who cannot have properly grasped the meaning of the principle involved, much less its potential scope.<br />
<br />
The results of such an up-to-the-minute method of teaching become all too plain when we consider the way in which the breakdown of the exact sciences is occasionally spoken of to-day. It is characteristic of the prevalent confusion that there are numbers of inventive minds busying themselves to-day upon devices which aim at the unlimited production of energy or the utilization of the fashionable mysterious earth rays. And it is even more surprising that credulous persons provide ample funds for such inventors, while really valuable and hopeful scientific investigations are hampered or actually stopped by lack of means. A thorough school training might here prove a useful remedy, and this would apply to the patrons no less than to the inventors. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vbKhVzxJhKk/VEY0l6BZPQI/AAAAAAABJYE/srfw0XM-D0Y/s1600/1280px-Pesanek_Zdenek_1930_Edisonka_2%2B(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vbKhVzxJhKk/VEY0l6BZPQI/AAAAAAABJYE/srfw0XM-D0Y/s1600/1280px-Pesanek_Zdenek_1930_Edisonka_2%2B(1).jpg" height="446" width="550" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: fedra, Palatino, 'times new roman'; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Zdeněk Pešánek: </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: fedra, Palatino, 'times new roman'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17.3185596466064px;">Light-kinetic sculpture on the building of Edison transformer station in Prague, 1929–30. Iron, glass, electrical circuits, color electric bulbs, pneumatic piano. Height ca 4 m, length ca 4 m</span><br />
<br />
After this educational digression I should like to deal briefly with another physical idea whose varying fate may prove even more instructive than the changes undergone by the theory of heat. What I have now in mind is the idea of the nature of light. <br />
<br />
The study of the nature of light began with the measurements of the speed of light. The idea which led Newton to his emanation theory established a comparison between a ray of light and a jet of water; the velocity of light was compared with the velocity of particles of water flying in a straight line. This hypothesis, however, failed to give an account of ihe phenomenon of light interference, i.e., of the fact that two rays of light meeting at a point can in certain circumstances produce darkness at this point. Accordingly the emanation theory was given up and its place was taken by Huygens’ theory of undulations, where the underlying idea is that light is propagated like a wave of water which spreads concentrically in all directions from its point of origin at a velocity which, of course, is not connected in any way with the velocity of the particles of water. This theory succeeded completely in accounting for the phenomena of interference: two waves on impinging on each other can cancel each other whenever the crest of one wave impinges on the trough of another. However, this theory, too, did not last longer than a century. The undulation theory failed to explain the effect at a great distance of a ray of light having a short wave length. The intensity of light decreases as the square of the distance, so that if light is radiated equally in all directions it is impossible to understand how a ray is capable of producing, even at a very great distance, a quantity of energy which is entirely independent of its intensity, and which is relatively very considerable in the case of short waves like those of Röntgen rays or Gamma rays. Such powerful effects combined with extremely feeble intensity become intelligible only if we imagine the energy of light to be concentrated upon distinct, unchangeable particles or quanta. In a sense, this is a return to Newton’s hypothesis of light particles.<br />
<br />
At present, then, the position is an exceedingly unsatisfactory one. We have two theories facing each other like two equally powerful rivals. Each possesses keen weapons, and each has a vulnerable spot. It is hard to foretell the ultimate issue, but it is probably correct to say that neither theory will prove completely victorious. It is more likely that in the end a higher standpoint will be reached, where we shall be able to survey clearly the claims and the deficiencies of each of the two hypotheses. <br />
<br />
Such a standpoint can probably be found only if we intensify our search for the source of all experience, which would mean in the present case that we would turn our attention to the measurement of optical phenomena. This in turn would imply that we would turn our investigation upon the actual measuring instruments, a step which, in principle, is of enormous importance since it may be described as the introduction of totality into physics. According to this principle the laws of an optical phenomenon can be completely understood only if the peculiarities of the process of measurement are studied as well as the physical events at the points where the light originates and spreads. The measuring instruments are not merely passive recipients simply registering the rays impinging upon them: they play an active part in the event of measuring and exert a causal influence upon its result. The physical system under consideration forms a totality subject to law only if the process of measuring is treated as forming part of it.<br />
<br />
How progress is to be made by this road is a difficult question and of much importance for the future. In order to appreciate its significance I propose to extend the scope of my survey, to go beyond the special conditions of optics and to approach the problem from a more general point of view. <br />
<br />
Is it at all possible to predict with confidence the mutations of any scientific idea? Is it possible to claim that there is so much as an approximate law governing the development of scientific ideas ? Looking back on the historical development of events one is tempted to suspect such a law, on considering that many important ideas began by existing in the dark, uncomprehended by the many and at best dimly foreseen by a few students who were in advance of their age; but that once mankind had become ripe for them, they came to life suddenly and simultaneously in a number of different places. The principle of the preservation of energy can be traced back for centuries in a rudimentary form; but it was not until the middle of last century that the principle was given a scientifically practical foundation, more or less simultaneously, by four or six students between whom there was no connection whatever. We may probably assert that even if Julius Robert Mayer, James Prescott Joule, Ludwig August Colding, and Hermann von Helmholtz had not been living at that time, the principle of the preservation of energy would, nevertheless, have been discovered only a little later. I would even venture to assert much the same of the origin of the modern theory of relativity or the quantum theory, were I not reluctant to face the obvious rejoinder that such prophecies after the event are somewhat cheap. I consider the inevitable element of such a process to consist in the fact that with the spread of experimentation and the improvements in methods of measurement, theoretical investigation has been forced in a certain direction almost automatically.<br />
<br />
Yet there could be no greater mistake than to assume that the laws governing the growth and effect of scientific ideas can ever be reduced to an exact formula valid for the future. Ultimately any new idea is the work of its author’s imagination, and to this extent progress is tied to the irrational element at some point even in mathematics, the most exact of the sciences; for irrationality is a necessary component in the make-up of every intellect.<br />
<br />
If we bear in mind that any given idea is due to a given experience, we shall find it natural that the present time, so rich in numbers of new events, has proved a fruitful soil for the production and promulgation of new ideas. If, further, we consider that whenever an idea is formulated a relation is established between two different events, we shall find, even by the formal rules of combinations, that the number of possible ideas exceeds by an order of magnitude the number of available events. <br />
<br />
Another circumstance explaining the vast output of scientific ideas at the present day possibly consists in the fact that owing to the spread of unemployment there are many lively intellects which experience a desire for productive work, and welcome a pre-occupation with general theoretical and philosophical problems as a cheap and satisfactory escape from the emptiness of their everyday existence. Valuable results, unfortunately, are rare exceptions. I do not exaggerate when I say that hardly a week passes in which I do not receive one or more papers of varying length from members of every profession—teachers, civil servants, writers, lawyers, doctors, engineers, architects—with a request for my opinion. A thorough examination of these would take up all and more than all of my spare time.<br />
<br />
These communications can be divided into two classes. The first is entirely naive and their authors have never considered that a new scientific idea to be valuable must be based on certain facts, so that specialized knowledge is essential for their formulation. The authors of these contributions, on the other hand, imagine that they have a fine prophetic gift enabling them to guess the truth direct, never suspecting that every important discovery is preceded by a period of hard individual work. These people, on the other hand, imagine that a happy fate has allowed the desired fruit to drop into their lap in the way in which Newton, sitting under the apple tree, received the idea of universal gravitation. What is worse is that these visionaries float above the surface, never penetrating to the depths, and are too ignorant scientifically to be capable of seeing their error. The dangers which flow from them should not be underestimated. It is satisfactory to note that modern youth shows a growing interest in general questions and in the acquisition of a satisfactory view of life; but for this very reason it should never be forgotten that such a view is baseless and doomed to sudden destruction unless it has a firm foundation in reality. Anyone desirous of obtaining a scientific view of the world must first acquire a knowledge of the facts.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-128WgY-zQaA/VEY1F0Cm8hI/AAAAAAABJYM/On8iv3NV-Wc/s1600/tojiki-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-128WgY-zQaA/VEY1F0Cm8hI/AAAAAAABJYM/On8iv3NV-Wc/s1600/tojiki-1.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
Light Sculpture by Makoto Tojiki<br />
<div>
<br />
Today the individual student can no longer form a comprehensive view of every department of science and in most instances he must take his facts at second-hand. It is all the more important that he should be master of one trade and have an independent judgment on his own subject. Personally, as a member of the philosophical faculty, I have always asked that candidates for a philosophical doctorate should give evidence of special knowledge in one given special science. Whether this department belonged to the natural sciences or to the intellectual sciences is not important: what is important, is that the candidate should have acquired by actual study an idea of scientific method. <br />
<br />
It is generally easy to demonstrate the worthlessness of the type of papers just mentioned; but there is another class which requires much more serious attention because the authors are careful students turning out excellent work in their special field. The scale of scientific work being such as it is to-day, specialization continually becomes more intense and consequently the more serious student experiences a desire to look beyond the limits of his own subject and to apply the knowledge acquired to other departments of science. There is thus a tendency to link two distinct departments by one idea which seems convincing to the student, who in this way transfers the laws and methods with which he has grown familiar within his own sphere to an alien one whose problems he thus tries to solve. There is especially among mathematicians, physicists, and chemists, a tendency to employ their own exact methods in order to throw light on biological, psychological, and sociological questions. Yet it must not be forgotten that such a new intellectual bridge to be sound requires both its pillars to be securely founded: it cannot fulfill its purpose unless the further pillar, too, has a proper foundation. In other words, it does not suffice for an ingenious student to be thoroughly acquainted with his original subject; if his more widely ranging ideas are to be fruitful, he must also have some knowledge of the facts and problems of the other sphere to which he is applying his idea. This deserves all the more emphasis because every expert tends to exaggerate the importance of his special field in proportion to the length of time spent on it and to the difficulties encountered. And once he has discovered the solution of a problem, he tends to exaggerate its scope and to apply the solution to cases of a totally different nature. Those who feel the desire to take up a higher standpoint than that which their own restricted field allows them, should never forget that there are students at work in other departments of science who are working with equal care and under equal difficulties although with different methods. The history of every science shows how frequently this rule is disregarded. In selecting my examples, however, I shall take care to confine myself to physics in order to avoid the mistake I have just been criticizing.<br />
<br />
Among the more general ideas of physics there is practically none which has not been transferred with more or less skill to some other sphere by means of some association of ideas, an association depending frequently enough merely upon such contingent externals as terminology. Thus the term “energy” leads students to apply the physical concept of energy and with it the physical proposition enunciating the preservation of energy to psychology, and serious attempts have been made to subject the cause and degree of human happiness to certain mathematically formulated laws. The same must be said of attempts to apply the principle of relativity outside physics, e.g., in esthetics, or even in ethics. Yet there could be nothing more misleading than the meaningless statement that everything is relative. The proposition does not apply even in physics. All the so-called universal constants—the mass or the charge of an electron or a proton, or Planck’s quantum—are absolute magnitudes: they are the fixed and unchangeable components of which the structure of atomism is built up. Of course a magnitude which once was considered absolute has often been found to be relative later; but whenever this happened another and more fundamental absolute magnitude was substituted. Unless we assume the existence of absolute magnitudes no concept can be defined and no theory can be formed.<br />
<br />
The second principle of thermo-dynamics, the principle of the increase of entropy, has frequently been applied outside physics. For example, attempts have been made to apply the principle that all physical events develop in one sense only to biological evolution, a singularly unhappy attempt so long as the term evolution is associated with the idea of progress, perfection, or improvement. The principle of entropy is such that it can only deal with probabilities and all that it really says is that a state, improbable in itself, is followed on an average by a more probable state. Biologically interpreted, this principle points towards degeneration rather than improvement: the chaotic, the ordinary, and the common is always more probable than the harmonious, the excellent, or the rare.<br />
<br />
Besides the misleading ideas which we have been considering there is another class which consists of those ideas which, looked at carefully, are seen to have no meaning at all. These play a fairly important part in physics, too. A comparison between the movement of an electron around a proton and the movement of a planet around the sun has caused investigators to study the velocity of the electron, although later investigation showed that it is completely impossible to answer these two questions simultaneously. Once again we see the danger of applying ideas and propositions which have proved their value in one department of science to another, and we perceive how great is the need of care in testing and formulating a new idea. <br />
<br />
Yet there is also a theoretical side to the matter, of which it is now high time to speak. If a new idea were to be admitted only when it had definitely proved its justification, or even if we merely demanded that it must have a clear and definite meaning at the outset, then such a demand might gravely hamper the progress of science. We must never forget that ideas devoid of a clear meaning frequently gave the strongest impulse to the further development of science. The idea of an elixir of life or of the transmutation of base metals gave rise to the science of chemistry; that of perpetual motion to an intelligent comprehension of energy; the idea of the absolute velocity of the earth gave rise to the theory of relativity, and the idea that the electronic movement resembled that of the planets was the origin of atomic physics. These are indisputable facts, and they give rise to thought, for they show clearly that in science as elsewhere fortune favors the brave. In order to meet with success it is well to aim beyond the goal which will eventually be reached.<br />
<br />
Looked at in this light the ideas of science wear a new aspect. We find that the importance of a scientific idea depends, frequently enough, upon its value rather than on its truth. This applies, e.g., to the concept of the reality of an external world or to the idea of causality. With both the question is not whether they are true or false, but whether they are valuable or valueless. This fact will appear all the more striking if we consider that the values of an objective science like physics are, to start with, wholly independent of the objects to which they relate; and the question arises how it comes about that the importance of a physical idea can be fully exploited only if we take its value into consideration.<br />
<br />
In my opinion the only possible method available here is that which we followed when dealing with optics, a method applicable not only to physics, but to every department of science. We must go back to the source of every science, and we do this when we remember that every science requires some person to build it up and to communicate it to others. And this means once again the introduction of the principle of totality. <br />
<br />
In principle a physical event is inseparable from the measuring instrument or the organ of sense that perceives it; and similarly a science cannot be separated in principle from the investigators who pursue it. A physicist who studies experimentally some atomic process interferes with its course in proportion as he penetrates into its details, and the physiologist who subdivides a living organism into its smallest parts injures or actually kills it; by the same token the philosopher, who in examining a new idea confines himself to asking to what extent its meaning is evident a priori, hampers the further development of science. Hence a positivism which rejects every transcendental idea is as one-sided as a metaphysics which scorns individual experience. Each method has its justification, and each can be carried through consistently; but if carried to an extreme they paralyze the progress of science because they prohibit the asking of certain fundamental questions, although they do so for opposite reasons: positivism, because the questions are meaningless, and metaphysics, because the answer to them is already available. The rivalry between the two parties will never be decided in favor of either, and in the course of history success has always wavered between the two. A century ago metaphysics enjoyed a hegemony which was followed by a melancholy collapse. To-day positivism is striving after the leading position, which it will fail to obtain just as metaphysics failed.<br />
<br />
Nobody had a deeper sense of this persistent antagonism than Goethe, who struggled with it all his life and has given it masterly expression in a number of different forms. He tried to overcome this antagonism by rising to the concept of totality, the introduction of which does justice to both views. Yet even Goethe’s all-embracing mind was subject to the limits of time; he declined to admit the distinction between the rays of light in external space and the sensation of light in consciousness, and hence was prevented from doing justice to the brilliant progress made by physical optics in his time. Nevertheless, on observing the modern introduction of the idea of totality in physics, he might see in this change a confirmation of his way of thought.<br />
<br />
Thus we observe, what we have already observed on several occasions, that there is an irrational core at the center of science which no intelligence can solve, and which no modern attempt at limiting by definition the tasks of science can remove. At first such a state of affairs may appear strange and unsatisfactory; on reflection, however, it will be seen that it could not be otherwise. For a close examination will show that every science really tackles its task at the center and not at the beginning, and that it is compelled to grope its way more or less laboriously towards the beginning without any hope of ever quite reaching it. Science does not find ready-made the concepts with which it operates: it has to form them artificially and their perfecting is a gradual process. It draws its material from life and it reacts upon life; its impulse, its consistency, and its vitality came from the ideas at work in it. It is the ideas which place before the student the problems with which he deals, which impel him to work without cease, and which enable him correctly to interpret the results he obtains. Without ideas investigation becomes aimless and the energy expended upon it is wasted. Ideals alone make a physicist of an experimenter, an historian of a chronicler, and a philologist of a graphological expert. We have already seen that the truth or falsity of an idea and the question whether it has a definite meaning is relatively unimportant: what matters is that it shall give rise to useful work. In science, as in every other sphere of cultural development, it is the work done which is the sole certain criterion of the health and the success of the individual as well as of the community. Accordingly, I wish to conclude these observations on the growth and effect of scientific ideas by quoting words in praise of work as applied to science; words which the Association of German Engineers, justly appreciating its theoretical and practical value, has made into its motto: “What is needed is investigation.”<br />
Light Sculpture by Diet Wiegman<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qnnJ_bc5ilI/VEY1ttHYvsI/AAAAAAABJYU/KJNE4xmXxhY/s1600/diet-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qnnJ_bc5ilI/VEY1ttHYvsI/AAAAAAABJYU/KJNE4xmXxhY/s1600/diet-4.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
<b>In: <i>The Philosophy of Physics</i>. New York, 1936, pp. 87-126</b></div>
José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-72274276554538776702014-10-21T13:40:00.000+02:002014-10-21T13:40:39.410+02:00Two Notes on the End of the World by Hans Magnus Enzensberger<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zonk4FmS3T8/VEX-Ww7xyII/AAAAAAABJUI/EryMeVrTZks/s1600/640px-Johannes_op_Patmos_Jeroen_Bosch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zonk4FmS3T8/VEX-Ww7xyII/AAAAAAABJUI/EryMeVrTZks/s1600/640px-Johannes_op_Patmos_Jeroen_Bosch.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
The apocalypse is part of our ideological baggage. It is an aphrodisiac. It is a nightmare. It is a commodity like any other. You can call it a metaphor for the collapse of capitalism, which as we all know has been imminent for more than a century. We come up against it in the most varied shapes and guises: as warning finger and scientific forecast, as collective fiction and sectarian rallying cry, as product of the leisure industry, as superstition, as vulgar mythology, as a riddle, a kick, a joke, a projection. It is ever present, but never “actual”: a second reality, an image that we construct for ourselves, an incessant product of our fantasy, the catastrophe in the mind.<br />
<br />
All this it is and more, as one of the oldest ideas of the human species. Thick volumes could have been written on its origins, and of course such volumes actually have been written. We know likewise all manner of things about its checkered history, about its periodic ebb and flow, and the way these fluctuations connect with the material process of history. The idea of the apocalypse has accompanied utopian thought since its first beginnings, pursuing it like a shadow, like a reverse side that cannot be left behind: without catastrophe no millennium, without apocalypse no paradise. The idea of the end of the world is simply a negative utopia. <br />
<br />
But even the end of the world is no longer what it used to be. The film playing in our heads, and still more uninhibitedly in our unconscious, is distinct in many respects from the dreams of old. In its traditional coinings, the apocalypse was a venerable, indeed a sacred, idea. But the catastrophe we are so concerned with (or rather haunted by) is an entirely secularized phenomenon. We read its signs on the walls of buildings, where they appear overnight, clumsily sprayed; we read them on the printouts spewed forth by the computer. Our seven-headed monster answers to many names: police state, paranoia, bureaucracy, terror, economic crisis, arms race, destruction of the environment. Its four riders look like the heroes of Westerns and sell cigarettes, while the trumpets that proclaim the end of the world serve as theme music for a commercial break. Once people saw in the apocalypse the unknowable avenging hand of God. Today it appears as the methodically calculated product of our own actions, and the spirits whom we hold responsible for its approach we call reds, oil sheikhs, terrorists, multinationals; the gnomes of Zürich and the Frankensteins of the biology labs; UFOs and neutron bombs; demons from the Kremlin or the Pentagon: an underworld of unimaginable conspiracies and machinations, whose strings are pulled by the all-powerful cretins of the secret police.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-so7-W5RYLrE/VEX-hBnK9WI/AAAAAAABJUQ/Rg53UXH5ouA/s1600/P46.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-so7-W5RYLrE/VEX-hBnK9WI/AAAAAAABJUQ/Rg53UXH5ouA/s1600/P46.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
The apocalypse was also once a singular event, to be expected unannounced as a bolt from the blue: an unthinkable moment that only seers and prophets could anticipate—and, of course, no one wanted to listen to their warnings and predictions. Our end of the world, on the other hand, is sung from the rooftops even by the sparrows; the element of surprise is missing; it seems only to be a question of time. The doom we picture for ourselves is insidious and torturingly slow in its approach, the apocalypse in slow motion. It is reminiscent of that hoary avant-garde classic of the silent cinema, in which we see a gigantic factory chimney crack up and collapse noiselessly on the screen, for a full twenty minutes, while the spectators, in a kind of indolent comfort, lean back in their threadbare velvet seats and nibble their popcorn and peanuts. After the performance, the futurologist mounts the stage. He looks like a poor imitation of Dr. Strangelove, the mad scientist, only he is repulsively fat. Quite calmly he informs us that the atmospheric ozone belt will have disappeared in twenty years’ time, so that we shall surely be toasted by cosmic radiation if we are lucky enough to survive until then; unknown substances in our milk are driving us to psychosis; and with the rate at which world population is growing, there will soon be standing room only on our planet. All this with Havana cigar in hand, in a well-composed speech of impeccable logic. The audience suppresses a yawn, even though, according to the Professor, the disaster looms imminently ahead. But it’s not going to come this afternoon. This afternoon, everything will go on just as before, perhaps a little bit worse than last week, but not so that anyone would notice. If one or another of us should be a little depressed this afternoon, which cannot of course be ruled out, then the thought might strike him, irrespective of whether he works in the Pentagon or the underground, irons shirts or welds sheet metal, that it would really be simpler if we were rid of the problem once and for all; if the catastrophe really did come. However, this is out of the question. Finality, which was formerly one of the major attributes of the apocalypse, and one of the reasons for its power of attraction, is no longer vouchsafed us.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-NnaDM6DyRfw/VEX_HXNtizI/AAAAAAABJUY/-yVRQ7dy7Mk/s1600/800px-B_Escorial_a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-NnaDM6DyRfw/VEX_HXNtizI/AAAAAAABJUY/-yVRQ7dy7Mk/s1600/800px-B_Escorial_a.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
We have also lost another traditional aspect of the end of the world. Previously, it was generally agreed that the event would affect everyone simultaneously and without exception: the never- satisfied demand for equality and justice found in this conception its last refuge. But as we see it today, doom is no longer a leveler; quite the opposite. It differs from country to country, from class to class, from place to place. While it is already overtaking some, others can watch it on television. Bunkers are built, ghettos walled in, fortresses erected, bodyguards hired, on a large scale as well as a small. Corresponding to the country house with burglar alarms and electric fences, we have whole countries, on the international scale, that fence themselves in while others go to ruin. The nightmare of the end of the world does not end this temporal disparity; it simply radicalizes it. Its African and Indian versions are overlooked with a shrug of the shoulders by those not directly affected—including the African and Indian governments. At this point, finally, the joke comes to an end.<br />
<br />
II <br />
<br />
Berlin, Spring 1978 <br />
<br />
Dear Balthasar, <br />
<br />
When I wrote my comment on the apocalypse—a work that I confess was not particularly thorough or serious—I was still unaware that you were also concerned with the future. You complained to me on the telephone that you were “not really getting anywhere.” That sounded almost like an appeal for help. I know you well enough to understand your dilemma. Today it is only the technocrats who are advancing toward the year two thousand full of optimism, with the unerring instinct of lemmings, and you are not one of their number. On the contrary, you are a faithful soul, always ready to assemble under the banner of utopia. You want as much as ever to hold fast to the principle of hope, for you wish us well: i.e., not only you and me, but humanity as a whole. <br />
<br />
Please don’t be angry if this sounds ironic. That isn’t my fault. You would have liked to see me come rushing to your aid. My letter will be disappointing for you, and perhaps you even feel that I am attacking you from behind. That isn’t my intention. All I would like to suggest is that we consider things with the cuffs off.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VMCRnmDL04o/VEX_TS97F2I/AAAAAAABJUg/CxVQ8OP_Q4I/s1600/B_Escorial_108v.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VMCRnmDL04o/VEX_TS97F2I/AAAAAAABJUg/CxVQ8OP_Q4I/s1600/B_Escorial_108v.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
The strength of left-wing theory of whatever stamp, from Babeuf through to Ernst Bloch, i.e., for more than a century and a half, lay in the fact that it based itself on a positive utopia that had no peer in the existing world. Socialists, Communists, and anarchists all shared the conviction that their struggle would introduce the realm of freedom in a foreseeable period of time. They “knew just where they wanted to go and just what, with the help of history, strategy and effort, they ought or needed to do to get there. Now, they no longer do.” I read these lapidary words recently in an article by the English historian Eric Hobsbawm. But this old Communist does not forget to add that “In this respect, they do not stand alone. Capitalists are just as much at a loss as socialists to understand their future, and just as puzzled by the failure of their theorists and prophets.”<br />
<br />
Hobsbawm is quite correct. The ideological deficit exists on both sides. Yet the loss of certainty about the future does not balance out. It is harder to bear for the Left than for those who never had any other intention but to hang on at any price to some snippet of their own power and privileges. This is why the Left, including you, dear Balthasar, go in for grumbling and complaining.<br />
<br />
No one is ready any more, you say, or in a position either, to put forward a positive idea that goes beyond the horizon of the existing state of affairs. Instead of this, false consciousness is rampant; the stage is dominated by apostasy and confusion. I remember our last conversation about the “new irrationalism,” your lamenting over the resignation that you sense on all sides, and your tirades against the flippant doomsters, shameless pessimists, and apostles of defeatism. I shall be careful not to contradict you here. But I wonder whether one thing has not escaped you in all this: the fact that in these expressions and moods there is precisely what you were looking for—an idea that goes beyond the limits of our present existence. For, in the last analysis, the world has certainly not come to an end (or else we could not talk about it); and so far no conclusive proof has reached me that an event of this kind is going to take place at any clearly ascertainable point in time. The conclusion I draw from this is that we are dealing here with a utopia, even if a negative one; and I further maintain that, for the historical reasons I mentioned, left-wing theory is not particularly well-equipped to deal with this kind of utopia.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VjnB1wmhdsE/VEX_fDDcViI/AAAAAAABJUo/sMbTgOw9dos/s1600/800px-Beatus-tafel%2B(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VjnB1wmhdsE/VEX_fDDcViI/AAAAAAABJUo/sMbTgOw9dos/s1600/800px-Beatus-tafel%2B(1).jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
Your reactions are only further evidence for my assumption. The first stanza of your song, in which you bewail the prevailing intellectual situation, is promptly followed by the second, in which you enumerate the scapegoats. For such an old hand at theory as yourself, it is not difficult to lay hands on the guilty parties: the ideological opponent, the agents of anticommunism, the manipulation of the mass media. Your arguments are in no way new to me. They remind me of an essay that came to my attention a few years back. The author, an American Marxist by the name of H. C. Greisman, came to the conclusion that “the images of decline of which the media are so fond are designed to hypnotize and stupefy the masses in such a way that they come to see any hope of revolution as meaningless.”<br />
<br />
What is striking in this proposition is above all its essential defensiveness. For a hundred years or so, as long as it was sure of its ground, classical Marxist theory argued the very opposite. It did not see the images of catastrophe and visions of doom of the time simply as lies concocted by some secret seducers and spread among the people, but sought rather to explain them in social terms, as symbolic depictions of a thoroughly real process. In the 1920s, to take just one example, the Left saw the attraction that Spengler’s historical metaphysics had for the bourgeois intelligentsia in precisely this way: <i>The Decline of the West</i> was in reality nothing more than the imminent collapse of capitalism.<br />
<br />
Today, on the other hand, someone like yourself no longer feels his views confirmed by the apocalyptic fantasy, but instead feels threatened, reacting with last-ditch slogans and defensive gestures. To be quite frank, dear Balthasar, it seems to me that the result of these obeisances is rather wretched. I don’t mean by this that it is simply false. You do not, of course, fail to resort to the well- tried path of ideological criticism. And it is child’s play to show that the rise and fall of utopian and apocalyptic moods in history correspond to the political, social, and economic conditions of the time. It is also uncontestable that they are exploited politically, just like any other fantasy that exists on a mass scale. You need not imagine you have to teach me the ABCs. I know as well as you that the fantasy of doom always suggests the desire for miraculous salvation; and it is clear to me, too, that the Bonapartist savior is always waiting in the wings, in the form of military dictatorship and right-wing putsch. When it is a question of survival, there have always been people all too ready to place their trust in a strong man. Nor do I find it surprising that those who have called for one more or less expressly, in the last few years, should include both a liberal and a Stalinist: the American sociologist Hellbroner and the German philosopher Harich. It is also beyond doubt that the apocalyptic metaphor promises relief from analytical thought, as it tends to throw everything together in the same pot. From the Middle East conflict to a postal strike, from punk style to a nuclear-reactor disaster, anything and everything is conceived as a hidden sign of an imaginary totality: catastrophe “in general.” The tendency to hasty generalization damages that residual power of clear thought that we still have left. In this sense, the feeling of doom does in fact lead only to mystification. It goes without saying that the new irrationalism that so troubles you can in no way solve the real problems. On the contrary, it makes them appear insoluble.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WPhYK7xVrPk/VEX_vynby7I/AAAAAAABJU4/fk4ylR6uzXk/s1600/Papyrus_47_Rev_13%2C16-14.4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WPhYK7xVrPk/VEX_vynby7I/AAAAAAABJU4/fk4ylR6uzXk/s1600/Papyrus_47_Rev_13%2C16-14.4.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
This is all very easy to say, but it does not help matters all that much. You try and fight the fantasies of destruction with quotations from the classics. But these rhetorical victories, dear Balthasar, remind me of the heroic feats of Baron von Miinchhausen. Like him, you want to reach your goal alone and unafraid; and to avoid departing from the correct straight line, you too are ready in case of need to leap onto a cannonball.<br />
<br />
But the future is not a sports ground for hussars, nor is ideological criticism a cannonball. You should leave it to the futurologists to imitate the boastings of an old tin soldier. The future that you have in mind is in no way an object of science. It is something that exists only in the medium of social fantasy, and the organ by which it is chiefly experienced is the unconscious. Hence the power of these images that we all produce, day and night: not only with the head, but with the whole body. Our collective dreams of fear and desire weigh at least as heavy, probably heavier, than our theories and analyses. <br />
<br />
The really threadbare character of customary ideological criticism is that it ignores all this and wants to know nothing of it. Has it not struck you that it has long ceased to explain things that do not fit our schemas, and started to taboo them instead? Without our having properly noticed, it has taken on the role of watchdog. Alongside the state censorship of the law-and-order people there are now ranged the mental-hospital orderlies of the Left in the social and human sciences, who would like to pacify us with their tranquilizers. Their maxims are: 1. Never concede anything. 2. Reduce the unfamiliar to the familiar. 3. Always think only with the head. 4. The unconscious must do what it is told.<br />
<br />
The arrogance of these academic exorcists is surpassed only by their impotence. They fail to understand that myths cannot be refuted by seminar papers, and that their bans on ideas have a very short reach. What help is it to them, for example, and what use to us, if for the hundredth time they declare any comparison between natural and social processes inadmissible and reactionary? The elementary power of fantasy teaches millions of people to break this ban constantly. Our ideologists only raise a smile when they attempt to obliterate such ineffaceable images as flood and fire, earthquake and hurricane. Moreover, there are people in the ranks of natural scientists who are in a position to elaborate fantasies of this kind in their own fashion and make them productive instead of banning them: mathematicians drafting a topographical theory of catastrophe, or biochemists who have ideas about certain analogies between biological and social evolution. We are still waiting in vain for the sociologist who will understand that, in a sense that is still to be decoded, there is no longer any such thing as a purely natural catastrophe.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uATSVN6D-eQ/VEYANDF7nAI/AAAAAAABJVQ/WX5r_LnMBp0/s1600/800px-B_Osma_92v%2B(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uATSVN6D-eQ/VEYANDF7nAI/AAAAAAABJVQ/WX5r_LnMBp0/s1600/800px-B_Osma_92v%2B(1).jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
Instead of this, our theorists, chained to the philosophical traditions of German idealism, refuse to admit even today what every bystander has long since grasped: that there is no world spirit; that we do not know the laws of history; that even the class struggle is an “indigenous” process, which no vanguard can consciously plan and lead; that social evolution, like natural evolution, has no subject and is therefore unpredictable; that consequently, when we act politically, we never manage to achieve what we had in mind, but rather something quite different, which at one time we could not even have imagined; and that the crisis of all positive utopias has its basis precisely in this fact. The projects of the nineteenth century have been discredited completely and without exception by the history of the twentieth century. In the essay I already mentioned, Eric Hobsbawm recalls a congress held by the Spanish anarchists in 1898. They sketched a glorious picture of life after the victory of the revolution: a world of tall shining buildings with elevators that would save climbing stairs, electric light for all, garbage disposers, and marvelous household gadgets. . . . This vision of humanity, presented with messianic pathos, now looks strikingly familiar: in many parts of our cities it has already become reality. There are victories that are hard to distinguish from defeats. No one feels comfortable in recalling the promise of the October revolution sixty years ago: once the capitalists were driven out of Russia, a bright future without exploitation and oppression would dawn for the workers and peasants. . . .<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PrDHLcqjm8Q/VEYACn-FdjI/AAAAAAABJVI/3N31ZZSfCSc/s1600/White_Rider_from_Tolkovy_Apocalyps_17th_century.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PrDHLcqjm8Q/VEYACn-FdjI/AAAAAAABJVI/3N31ZZSfCSc/s1600/White_Rider_from_Tolkovy_Apocalyps_17th_century.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
Are you still with me, Balthasar? Are you still listening? I am nearing the end of my letter. Forgive me if it has gotten rather long, and if my sentences have taken on a mocking undertone. It’s not me who injected this; it’s a kind of objective, historic mockery, and the laugh, for better or worse, is always on the losing side. We all have to bear it together.<br />
<br />
Optimism and pessimism, my dear friend, are so much sticking plaster for fortune-tellers and the writers of leading articles. The pictures of the future that humanity draws for itself, both positive and negative utopias, have never been unambiguous. The idea of the millennium, the City of the Sun, was not the pallid dream of a land of milk and honey; it always had its elements of fear, panic, terror, and destruction. And the apocalyptic fantasy, conversely, produces more than just pictures of decadence and despair; it also contains, inescapably bound up with the terror, the demand for vengeance, for justice, impulses of relief and hope. <br />
<br />
The pharisees, those who always know best, want to convince us that the world would be all right again if the “progressive forces” took a strong line with people’s fantasies; if they themselves were only sitting on the Central Committee, and pictures of doom could be prohibited by decree of the party. They refuse to understand that it is we ourselves who produce these pictures, and that we hold on to them because they correspond to our experiences, desires, and fears: on the motorway between Frankfurt and Bonn, in front of the TV screen that shows we are at war, beneath helicopters, in the corridors of clinics, employment offices, and prisons—because, in a single word, they are in this sense realistic. <br />
<br />
I scarcely need reassure you, dear Balthasar, that I know as little of the future as you do yourself. I am writing to you because I do not count you among the pigeonholers and ticketpunchers of the world spirit. What I wish you, as I wish myself and us all, is a little more clarity about our own confusion, a little less fear of our own fear, and a little more attentiveness, respect, and modesty in the face of the unknown. Then we shall be able to see a little further.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wejSzN4UHKQ/VEX_4IU4MdI/AAAAAAABJVA/zISctPDlDbc/s1600/mabus%2B(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wejSzN4UHKQ/VEX_4IU4MdI/AAAAAAABJVA/zISctPDlDbc/s1600/mabus%2B(1).jpg" height="528" width="550" /></a></div>
Yours, H.M.E.<br />
<br />
Translated by David Fernbach <br />
<br />
In. <a href="http://monoskop.org/log/?p=11035"><i>Critical Essays</i></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: fedra, Palatino, 'times new roman'; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; text-indent: -12.6000003814697px;">, eds. Reinhold Grimm and Bruce Armstrong, Continuum: New York, 1982, </span>pp. 233-241.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-10882354057180355662014-10-21T13:39:00.000+02:002014-10-21T13:39:43.519+02:00The Aesthetic of the Machine and Mechanical Instrospection by Enrico Prampolini<div class="WordSection1">
<div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--Ql2YEikAdo/VCe2X0VaRVI/AAAAAAABEfc/VOsKp4vf2l8/s1600/Unbenannt.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--Ql2YEikAdo/VCe2X0VaRVI/AAAAAAABEfc/VOsKp4vf2l8/s1600/Unbenannt.png" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
In the aesthetic phenomenon of the evolution of the plastic arts the necessity, of considering the Machine and Mechanical elements as new symbols of aesthetic inspiration, has not been sufficiently taken into account.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>PRECURSORS </b></span><br />
<br />
We Futurists were the first to understand the marvellous mystery of inspiration which machines possess with their own mechanical world. <br />
<br />
In fact, Marinetti in his first Manifesto on the Foundation of Futurism pub ished in the Figaro in 1909 stated: “We shall chant the vibrant nocturnal fervour of the arsenals and ship-yards lit by their violent electric moons, the bridges like giant gymnasts striding the rivers, the daring steamers that nose the horizons, the full-breasted locomotives that prance on the rails like enormous iron horses bridled with tubes, the gliding flight of the aeroplanes whose screw flutters in the wind like a flag or seems to applaud like an enthusiastic mob. The racing automobile with its explosive breath and its great serpent-like tubes crawling over the bonnet—an automobile that whizzes like a volley from a machine gun is more beautiful than the victory of Samothrace.” <br />
<br />
From the appearance o the first Futurist Manifesto of Marinetti up until today, there has been a ceaseless searching and questioning in the field of art. Boccioni in his book, Futurist Sculpture and Painting (1914) stated that the era of the great mechanical individualities has begun; that all the rest is paleontology. Luigi Russolo (in 1913) with his invention of the noise-makers constructed new mechanical instruments to give value to new musical sounds inspired by noise, while Luciano Folgore in his poem the Chant of the Motors (1914) exalted the mechanical beauty of workshops and the overpowering lyricism of machines. Later, in my manifesto entitled Absolute Constructions in Motion-Noise (1915), I revealed by means of new plastic constructions the unknown constructive virtues of the mechanical aesthetic. <br />
<br />
While the painter Gino Severini confirmed by means o’ an admirable theoretical essay in the Mercure de France (1916) the theory that “the process of the construction of a machine is analogous to the constructive process of a work of art." <br />
<br />
This Futurist exaltation of ours for the new era of the machines crossed the Italic frontier and awoke echoes among the Dutch, the Russian, the Germans and the Spanish. <br />
<br />
Fernand Leger recent y declared his painting to be concerned with the love of those forms created by industry and the clash of the thou' sand coloured and persuasive reflections of the so called classical subjects. <br />
<br />
Guillermo de Torre, the daring Spanish poet and founder of the Ultraist movement, announced in his manifesto “Vertical” in 1918 the forthcoming epoch of the new and mechanical world. <br />
<br />
Today we see a new tendency manifesting itself at the recent international Artists Congress of Düsseldorf. This is the movement of the “Constructionists” as exemplified in the works of the Russian, Dutch, German, Scandinavian and Roumanian painters among whom we mav note Theo Van Doesburg, Richter, Lissitzsky, Eggelin and Tanco. The Constructionists, though they take as their starting point an extremely clear theory, announcing the con' structive exaltation of the Machine, become inconsistent in the application of their doctrine, confusing exterior form with spiritual content. <br />
<br />
We today—without ignoring the attempts that have been made in the course of the last years by ourselves and certain Futurist friends of ours—intend to reassume and synthetize all that which has been expressed individually and incidentally in order to arrive at more complete and more concrete results, in order to be able to realize more fully new aesthetic values in the field of the plastic arts. <br />
<br />
Our experience has convinced us of the truth of cert ain of our plastic truths and has allowed us to perceive the errors that lie in others. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4xF6Kp6NMe4/VCfM7Ij-V3I/AAAAAAABEgg/vfpe60KQVgE/s1600/cosmos2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4xF6Kp6NMe4/VCfM7Ij-V3I/AAAAAAABEgg/vfpe60KQVgE/s1600/cosmos2.jpg" height="640" width="480" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>OLD AND NEW SYMBOLS </b></span><br />
<br />
In the history of art throughout the ages the symbols and elements of inspiration have been suggested to us by the ancient legends and classic myths created by modern imagination. Today, therefore, where can we look for more contingent inspiration than among the new symbols which are no longer the creation of the imagination or the fantasy—but of human genius? <br />
<br />
Is not the machine today the most exuberant of the mystery of human creation? Is it not the new mythical deitv which weaves the legends and histories of the contemporary human drama? The Machine in its practical and material function comes to have today in human concepts and thoughts the significance of an ideal and spiritual inspiration. <br />
<br />
The artist can only pin his faith to the realities contingent on his own life or to those elements of expression which spiritualize the atmosphere he breathes. The elements and the plastic symbols of the Machine are inevitably as much symbols as a god Pan, the taking down from the Cross, of the Assumption of the Virgin, etc. The logic, therefore, of aesthetic verities becomes self-evident, and develops parallel with the spirit which seeks to contemplate, live and identify itself with reality itse t. <br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">THE AESTHETIC OF THE MACHINE AND MECHANICAL INTROSPECTION </span></b><br />
<br />
We, today, after having sung and exalted the suggestive inspirational force of the Machine—after having by means of the first plastic works of the new school fixed pure plastic sensations and emotions, see now the outlines of the new aesthetic of The Machine appearing on the horizon like a fly wheel all fiery from Eternal Motion. <br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">WE THEREFORE PROCLAIM </span></b><br />
<br />
1. The Machine to be the tutelary symbol of the universal dynamism, potentially embodying in itself the essential elements ot human creation: the discoverer of fresh developments in modern aesthetics. <br />
<br />
2. The aesthetic virtues of the machine and the metaphysical meaning of its motions and movements constitute the new font of inspiration for the evolution and development of contemporaneous plastic arts. <br />
<br />
3. The plastic exaltation of The Machine and the mechanical elements must not be conceived in their exterior reality, that is in formal representations of the elements which make up The Machine itself, but rather in the plastic- mechanical analogy that<a href="http://th.it/"> </a>The Machine suggests to us in connection with various spiritual realities. <br />
<br />
4. The stylistic modifications ot Mechanical Art arise from The Machine-as-interferential-element. <br />
<br />
5. The machine marks the rhythm of human psychology and beats time for our spiritual exaltations. Therefore it is inevitable and consequent to the evolution of the plastic arts of our day. <br />
<br />
ENRICO PRAMPOLINI <br />
<br />
(Translated by E. S.) <br />
<br />
Reprint from <i>Little Review</i>.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7fxz38t6TDY/VCe5xlyQTQI/AAAAAAABEfo/6167h9QITIk/s1600/ft_imagem_27965_5672_24102012.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7fxz38t6TDY/VCe5xlyQTQI/AAAAAAABEfo/6167h9QITIk/s1600/ft_imagem_27965_5672_24102012.jpg" height="640" width="550" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-o2Q3wYn9ws8/VCfQa4UhJwI/AAAAAAABEhY/2NVZjug9Vyg/s1600/Quotation-Robert-Hughes-gratitude-fantasy-Meetville-Quotes-234326.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-o2Q3wYn9ws8/VCfQa4UhJwI/AAAAAAABEhY/2NVZjug9Vyg/s640/Quotation-Robert-Hughes-gratitude-fantasy-Meetville-Quotes-234326.jpg" height="436" width="550" /></a></div>
José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-60415820380959931152014-09-24T22:03:00.000+02:002014-09-24T23:13:38.103+02:00The Book is the Alien: On Certain and Uncertain Readings of Lem’s Solaris by Istvan Csicsery-Ronay, Jr <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MGsqPJElPrA/VCMPqG44m5I/AAAAAAABD8w/K3DzD6xmlKo/s1600/cosmic-microwave-background-nasawmap-science-team.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MGsqPJElPrA/VCMPqG44m5I/AAAAAAABD8w/K3DzD6xmlKo/s1600/cosmic-microwave-background-nasawmap-science-team.jpg" height="550" width="550" /></a></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/eoVs24aw9yg?feature=player_embedded" width="550"></iframe>
<b>1. Contemporary science describes a world</b> that is neither a rational cosmos, nor a roiling cosmos, but something in between: a source of paradox, allowing for complementary, but contradictory, interpretations of humanity’s relationship with non-human reality. The “classical” myth of the rational cosmos had shared with the prescientific myths underlying humanistic culture the conception that the human and natural realms were in some ways co-ordinated. Both worked according to intelligible, self-consistent, determining laws. In the system of modern atomic physics, however, scientists have succeeded, according to Planck, in purging science of determinism and ‘ ‘all anthropomorphic elements” (Arendt: 269). But as Heisenberg observed, in such a deanthropomorphized universe human beings always “confront themselves alone” (ibid., p. 277).<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-l8_j-fhBh_w/VCMQUUnZsWI/AAAAAAABD9A/lr2WtYZpGGM/s1600/2-evidencespot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-l8_j-fhBh_w/VCMQUUnZsWI/AAAAAAABD9A/lr2WtYZpGGM/s1600/2-evidencespot.jpg" height="426" width="550" /></a></div>
Since every answer they attain in their investigations into nature is a specific answer to a specific question, the sum of these answers allows the application of otherwise quite incompatible types of natural laws to one and the same physical event. Science’s answers reflect the questions scientists are impelled to ask of nature; and thus anthropomorphism is reintroduced at the level of hypothesis formation that preselects the data to be studied. Beyond this, it remains extremely problematic whether the seemingly unbridgeable gulf between the languages of human culture and quantum physics’ purely probabilistic and mathematical expressions of the universe will produce “an appropriate widening of the conceptual framework” to resolve all the present paradoxes and disharmonies in a new “logical frame,” as Niels Bohr hoped (see Arendt: 277)—and as radical holistic physicists like Fritjof Capra have proposed—or whether the gulf is inherent in the new physics. The conclusions of the 20th century’s science have thus introduced an alienation from the cosmos more radical than any previously conceived in human culture. Whether this alienation is the beginning of a dialectical process of conceptual synthesis or an enormous stalemate, we cannot know. We cannot summarily reject either historical hypothesis.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ggXC7DVwmVM/VCMQG4-KKgI/AAAAAAABD84/4ROSlqI_cNs/s1600/many_lifes.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ggXC7DVwmVM/VCMQG4-KKgI/AAAAAAABD84/4ROSlqI_cNs/s1600/many_lifes.gif" height="368" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
SF characteristically transforms scientific and technological ideas into metaphors, by which those ideas are given cultural relevance. It works very much like historical fiction in this respect. It takes a body of extratextual propositions believed to be true, with no inherent ethical-cultural significance, and endows it with meaning by incorporating it in fictional stories about characters representing typical values of the author’s culture. Although the historical facts limit what can happen in historical fiction (in the realistic mode, at least), these facts are embedded among purely fictional facts to imply a metaphorical meaning beyond historiography’s customary function of describing “what really happened.” In historical fiction, history is no longer true history, even if it is in fact true. It is metaphorical, and hence “more than true”; it is culturally significant.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AL-GQ5K6w1s/VCMQupVVaaI/AAAAAAABD9I/jntTJ7bXjog/s1600/anthropic_bubbles.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AL-GQ5K6w1s/VCMQupVVaaI/AAAAAAABD9I/jntTJ7bXjog/s1600/anthropic_bubbles.gif" height="614" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
The same can be said, mutatis mutandis, about SF. Furthermore, in works of artistic interest, we also expect the fictional action and the process of reading to correspond analogically to the fiction’s metaphorized scientific ideas. Reading the fiction should act as a metaphor for the process of cognition implied by the science. In general, it is futile to look for this sort of harmony of scientific ideas and aesthetic design in contemporary SF. Several commentators have noted that SF writers usually adhere to the paradigms of romance (cf. Rose: 7; Frye: 49). The paradigmatic forms of SF are usually more archaic, indeed prescientific, than much of so-called mainstream fiction. <br />
<br />
One book is an exception, however: Stanislaw Lem’s <i>Solaris</i>, one of the philosophically most sophisticated works of SF. Lem has often dismissed the suggestion that SF should be judged by criteria different from the rest of literature.1 Yet most of <i>Solaris</i>’ commentators have discussed the novel as a work of “meta-SF,” a virtuoso example of generic criticism and the exploration of the possibilities inherent in the genre.2 In these pages, I will consider Solaris somewhat differently, as an elaborate metaphor for the cultural and philosophical implications of scientific uncertainty for Western culture.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pNwpP50aRqQ/VCMRC0iZ-oI/AAAAAAABD9Q/GpvK8J0hhqk/s1600/GW342H278.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pNwpP50aRqQ/VCMRC0iZ-oI/AAAAAAABD9Q/GpvK8J0hhqk/s1600/GW342H278.jpeg" height="520" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
<b>2.</b> <b><i>Solaris </i>invites several parallel</b>, and even contradictory, interpretations. It can be read as a Swiftian satire, a tragic love story, a Kafkaesque existentialist parable, a metafictional parody of hermeneutics, a Cervantean ironic romance, and a Kantian meditation on the nature of human consciousness. But none of these readings is completely satisfactory, and Lem intended it to be so. The simultaneously incompatible and mutually reinforcing readings make the process of interpreting the text a metaphor for the scientific problem of articulating a manifestly paradoxical natural universe.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sdf_iNgc99g/VCMRV1YNEqI/AAAAAAABD9Y/wo4KUnfsupA/s1600/solaris_lg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sdf_iNgc99g/VCMRV1YNEqI/AAAAAAABD9Y/wo4KUnfsupA/s1600/solaris_lg.jpg" height="374" width="550" /></a></div>
This inbuilt indeterminancy notwithstanding, most of <i>Solaris </i>’ commentators agree on a common reading of the novel’s action and point. According to this reading, <i>Solaris </i>is about the problem of whether human beings will ever be able to make contact with a truly alien intelligence, and thus transcend the anthropomorphism and anthropocentrism apparently inherent in human cognition. In the novel, a century of attempts by the most advanced human scientists to understand the mysterious, sentient ocean-planet, Solaris, has produced only a chain-reaction of paradoxes. The instruments that the early Solarists take to the planet to measure certain phenomena return to them physically transformed by Solaris; the researchers thus cannot know what it is they have measured (<i>Solaris</i>, 2:27). <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BuDRaVay5yQ/VCMRe78-h2I/AAAAAAABD9g/HA_AAqkd-XY/s1600/02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BuDRaVay5yQ/VCMRe78-h2I/AAAAAAABD9g/HA_AAqkd-XY/s1600/02.jpg" height="478" width="550" /></a></div>
The methodological paradoxes produced by the exploration of Solaris, which are extrapolations of classical scientific method, come to occupy most of the Solarists’ time. The inscrutable and opaque planet gradually becomes a macrocosmic mirror of the human image. The Solarists’ obsession with the mysteries of Solaris dissolves into the broader struggle to understand human reflection and identity. When it appears impossible that human scientists will ever break out of the enclosure of human consciousness, their space exploration appears to be a religious quest for “Contact,” mystical union with a godlike intelligence that might reveal the purpose of the “mission of Mankind” in the universe, and redeem it from cosmic alienation.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QBDJuqEtHmc/VCMR_31hIAI/AAAAAAABD9o/w2Ix1BHg4AA/s1600/solarisc%2B(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QBDJuqEtHmc/VCMR_31hIAI/AAAAAAABD9o/w2Ix1BHg4AA/s1600/solarisc%2B(1).jpg" height="394" width="550" /></a></div>
By the time the narrator, the Solarist psychologist Kris Kelvin, arrives on Solaris Station, hovering a mile above the planet’s surface, the theoretical paradoxes of Solaristics have taken on an unnerving solidity. The Solarist protagonists are “visited” by human simulacra, which appear to be incarnations of the scientists’ repressed erotic and guilt fixations. We cannot know the purpose of these Visitors, as the Solarists euphemistically call them, or how they arrived on the space station. They merely appear when their hosts awaken after a dream-filled sleep. They may be gifts from the planet, or instruments of exploration, or merely augmentations of the scientists’ unconscious thoughts. The Visitors disorient the scientists completely by displaying the quintessence of each man’s subjectivity in the form of an inscrutable object. Each Solarist deals with his confusion in a different way. Kelvin’s friend and teacher, Gibarian, unable to contemplate “murdering” the quasi-human beings, kills himself instead; the pedantic physicist Sartorius locks himself in his laboratory, emerging only after he has invented a device to annihilate the Visitors; the cyberneticist Snow3 takes to drink, irony, and self-pity—in fear and trembling. Only Kelvin proves open and “innocent” enough to attempt to accommodate the presence of his Visitor, a replica of his young wife Rheya, for whose suicide ten years earlier he has carried a deep sense of guilt.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vqMv31PeOzQ/VCMSHjaPffI/AAAAAAABD9w/KSjuXYnfTSk/s1600/tumblr_kzokihOBar1qamqmco1_500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vqMv31PeOzQ/VCMSHjaPffI/AAAAAAABD9w/KSjuXYnfTSk/s1600/tumblr_kzokihOBar1qamqmco1_500.jpg" height="554" width="550" /></a></div>
At first, the Visitors are indestructible, and appear to be material copies of an ideal template. When they are ejected into space, new versions of them reappear on the station later. They know only what their hosts remember, and for obscure reasons they must stay within sight of those hosts. In time, however, they become increasingly autonomous, and seem to develop human consciousness. In the central love story between Kelvin and Rheya, Rheya appears to become even more human than the true human Solarists—by willingly accepting her death in order to free her lover from his grotesque attachment to her.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Rx2CpPN6atY/VCMSY9nOqrI/AAAAAAABD-A/Ap0aPQJ5uak/s1600/Solaris-bookcover-sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Rx2CpPN6atY/VCMSY9nOqrI/AAAAAAABD-A/Ap0aPQJ5uak/s1600/Solaris-bookcover-sm.jpg" height="550" width="466" /></a></div>
The transformation in the novel occurs with Kelvin’s disillusionment: his recognition that Rheya is not a human being, and that his inappropriate loyalty to her, which was motivated by earthly guilt and love, has kept him from the work to which he had devoted his life: encountering the Other—the planet Solaris. Kelvin is compelled to recognize that in a world defined by the encounter of the human with a non-human intelligence, the most noble human values may be only quixotic illusions. His awareness of his diminution comes in stages, with great suffering. First, he must renounce his romantic faith. At the end of the novel, still mourning Rheya, he prepares to return to Earth “a sadder and wiser man”; “I shall never again give myself completely to anything or anybody. . .and this Kelvin will be no less worthy a man than the Kelvin of the past, who was prepared for anything in the name of the ambitious project called Contact. Nor will any man have the right to judge me” (14:206).<br />
<br />
Like all the positive assertions made by the protagonists of the novel, this self-diminution quickly turns ambiguous. In order not to return to Earth without having ever physically touched-down on the planet, Kelvin descends to the surface before he leaves. There he plays the game of extending his hand to the ocean, which responds by enveloping it, without actually touching it. Although no physical contact is made, Kelvin is deeply affected, and feels “somehow changed.”<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cgOlp1atHVQ/VCMSfnt-nHI/AAAAAAABD-I/4MGcXgUve0k/s1600/6022541808_3dbeb68c84_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cgOlp1atHVQ/VCMSfnt-nHI/AAAAAAABD-I/4MGcXgUve0k/s1600/6022541808_3dbeb68c84_b.jpg" height="360" width="550" /></a></div>
I had never felt the gigantic presence so strongly, or its powerful changeless silence, or the secret forces that gave the waves their regular rise and fall. I sat unseeing and sank into a universe of inertia, glided down an invisible slope, and identified myself with the dumb, fluid colossus; it was as if I had forgiven it everything, without the slightest effort or thought. (14:210)<br />
<br />
Kelvin does not leave after all. He allows himself to believe in “a chance, perhaps an infinitesimal one, perhaps only imaginary” (14:211), that some new manifestation of contact or shared creation will occur. We surmise his egoistic projections are spent: “I hoped for nothing, and yet lived in expectation. I did not know what achievements, what mockery, even what tortures awaited me.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-l3b7oPBtofg/VCMSqbEga_I/AAAAAAABD-Q/VKZpSZCjzpk/s1600/165243204_libro02_xlarge.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-l3b7oPBtofg/VCMSqbEga_I/AAAAAAABD-Q/VKZpSZCjzpk/s1600/165243204_libro02_xlarge.jpeg" height="438" width="550" /></a></div>
I knew nothing and persisted in the faith that the time of cruel miracles was not past” (14:211).<br />
<br />
Most critics agree that in his concluding words Kelvin has attained a new state of alertness and awareness. His formerly aggressive drive for Contact has given way to a more serene receptivity. Stephen J. Potts (p. 51) believes that at this point Kelvin ‘ ‘has become... an empty slate ready to receive the universe on its own terms.” For Mark Rose, Kelvin finally comes to the recognition that the Other does in fact exist separately from himself: “he knows that the ocean is real and he is willing to commit himself to whatever the future may bring” (p. 95). For Darko Suvin, “Kelvin wins through to a painfully gained, provisional and relative faith in an ‘imperfect god’ ” (p. 220). Even David Ket- terer, who argues persuasively for the hermetic closure of <i>Solaris</i>, writes that “Kelvin does learn something of man’s limits: they are circumscribed by the reality of Solaris” (p. 197).<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XIWfTDbx-yA/VCMSyf4Rq1I/AAAAAAABD-Y/eH_wQVMGfSA/s1600/solaris10med.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XIWfTDbx-yA/VCMSyf4Rq1I/AAAAAAABD-Y/eH_wQVMGfSA/s1600/solaris10med.jpg" height="428" width="550" /></a></div>
The gist of <i>Solaris </i>in this reading is that human consciousness could not proceed to a new cognition as long as it was trapped in its own human-centered, egocentric conception of reason. Only a cathartic encounter with an alien reality insistent and intrusive enough to violate the membrane of self-sufficient human self-awareness could dissolve the scientists’ repressed emotional fixations and initiate a new receptivity to the universe outside the self—a knowledge that something Other not only exists, but can transform the self. This reading (which I have admittedly fleshed out a bit) involves not so much a paradox as a hidden contradiction. If we are to believe that Kelvin is actually purged of illusions at the end of the tale, we must accept the reality of Solaris as a determinate Other, whose ‘ ‘not-humanness” defines Kelvin for himself, and the reader. But how did Kelvin come by this new ability to see himself objectively, if human cognition is<i> a priori</i> anthropomorphic? To see himself determinately—that is, “to learn something of man’s limits,” as Ketterer writes—Kelvin must have been able to see himself as a “not-human,” an ability that he could only have learned from contact with Solaris. The critics who hold that Kelvin arrives at a new state of humbled and purified cognition consequently also approve the quest for “Holy Contact,” since only the acquisition of the Other’s point of view could have both dispelled Kelvin’s illusions and given him knowledge of himself. If this is true, then Kelvin has redeemed the romantic impulses of Solar- istics by proving their truths. His identification with the alien might be read as the necessary inversion that concludes the successful religious quest, just as the discovery of the Grail was to end in translation and absorption into God.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-t1o6cewFWhE/VCMTHMJ4UBI/AAAAAAABD-o/A5MO6w-10uk/s1600/solaris%2B(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-t1o6cewFWhE/VCMTHMJ4UBI/AAAAAAABD-o/A5MO6w-10uk/s1600/solaris%2B(1).jpg" height="224" width="550" /></a></div>
Before coming to Solaris Station, Kelvin’s contribution to Solaristics had been the discovery of possible correlations between encephalographic patterns indicative of certain human emotions with formally similar patterns taken from Solaris (11:182-83). To put it another way, Kelvin had discovered what could be construed as ‘‘personal” and emotional activity in the planet. At the conclusion of the novel, the situation is reversed. He substitutes for the personification of the alien his own self-identification with the alien—i.e., alienation from the human. The quasi-religious quest for Contact, rather than being an illusion to keep humanity from despair, apparently paid off after all: miracles have occurred, even if they are cruel ones, and Man has placed one foot beyond his human limits, albeit into a mysterious and undefined dimension. It is an apocalypse, of sorts. Therefore, man’s knowledge is not limited to himself and his creations.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sfMj-HUx0lE/VCMTQXrXx8I/AAAAAAABD-w/XeinpuWxYkg/s1600/figure55.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sfMj-HUx0lE/VCMTQXrXx8I/AAAAAAABD-w/XeinpuWxYkg/s1600/figure55.jpg" height="264" width="550" /></a></div>
But is this reading valid? Is Kelvin really as empty at the end of the novel as Potts claims, “ready to accept the universe on its own terms”? Does not the universe include Kelvin, and the human species, among its terms? Doesn’t Kelvin’s identification with the alien leave us once again with no way of determining where the human ends and the Other begins?<br />
<br />
Only Patrick Parrinder has, to my knowledge, challenged the prevailing idea that Kelvin ultimately succeeds in breaking out of the anthropocentric hall of mirrors to the doorway of new cognition. For Parrinder, Kelvin’s decision to stay by the alien planet parallels Gulliver’s infatuation with the rational horses in his last journey. The novel’s ending, Parrinder writes, shows<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0DRAf66hrxQ/VCMTZ_-e1EI/AAAAAAABD-4/-a1HTMGrVm0/s1600/solaris4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0DRAf66hrxQ/VCMTZ_-e1EI/AAAAAAABD-4/-a1HTMGrVm0/s1600/solaris4.jpg" height="274" width="550" /></a></div>
the fate of a man who has abandoned humanity for the alien, and so is tragic but also absurd, a symbolic gesture holding at bay the recognition of despair. Kelvin has followed through the logic of the scientist-explorer in the liberal-humanist tradition, until he is finally a victim of an isolating romantic obsession, (p. 54)<br />
<br />
To carry Parrinder's reading a step further: Kelvin deserts humanity in order not to face the despair of knowing that his species is a singularity in the cosmos, and that reason, desire, love, and truth—even the ideas of self and other—are merely tautologies in the isolated, self-reinforcing system of the “human.” <br />
<br />
If, as Kelvin tells us, he is completely committed to awaiting new interactions with Solaris, are we to admire his renewed spirit of sacrifice and dedication in the cause of Contact, or to suspect it? How are we to judge what we read? To choose either interpretation, Kelvin as Grail Knight or as Gulliver, we must have a standard against which to compare each interpretation—and that is precisely what we cannot have in <i>Solaris</i>, just as the Solarists have no reality against which to compare humanity and the ocean-planet.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Z7pgJRFw3xY/VCMTh_4g-LI/AAAAAAABD_A/fxD0QgDcxio/s1600/solaris_island.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Z7pgJRFw3xY/VCMTh_4g-LI/AAAAAAABD_A/fxD0QgDcxio/s1600/solaris_island.jpg" height="288" width="550" /></a></div>
Solaris’s alienness is so threatening to the Solarists’ scientific egoism that none of their conscious hypotheses regarding the planet can be taken at face value. Still, there is evidence in the novel to support the idea that some mysterious and significant contact has been achieved between Kelvin and the planet. There are moments in the action not interpreted by the protagonists (particularly having to do with Rheya, and with Kelvin’s dreams), and these bear hints of a special, non-rational relationship between Solaris and Kelvin that could easily go by the name of Contact. In the first place, Rheya appears to be the cooperative creation of Kelvin and Solaris: if she is a projection, she is a projection of both, since her form is produced by Kelvin’s unconscious memory and her suhstance is produced by the planet.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-enyiz564oxU/VCMTq8hZQoI/AAAAAAABD_I/-jLMDCKIdCc/s1600/solaris22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-enyiz564oxU/VCMTq8hZQoI/AAAAAAABD_I/-jLMDCKIdCc/s1600/solaris22.jpg" height="270" width="550" /></a></div>
We cannot know exactly what the Visitors’ purpose is, but Rheya believes she may be “an instrument” (4:51) of some sort (perhaps analogous to the Solarists’ instruments transformed by Solaris in the early stages of exploration). On the assumption that Solaris may have “read off ’ the Visitors from the dreams of the sleeping scientists after they had begun bombarding the planet with x-rays at night (6:82), the Solarists encode some of Kelvin’s waking thoughts and broadcast these by day, to “inform” Solaris of how much suffering the Visitors are causing. The idea is farfetched, and it seems to be a way of distracting Kelvin’s attention from Sartorius and Snow’s attempt to invent a neutrino-annihilator to be used against the Visitors—a device Kelvin would like to sabotage, to prevent Rheya’s destruction. As Kelvin’s encephalographic patterns are broadcast, however, he becomes increasingly sensitive to direct intuitions of “an invisible presence which has taken possession of the Station” (12:186). Moreover, the annihilated Visitors do not reappear after the emissions have been completed, implying that the message must have “gone through.”<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-L1WzwV3FW2U/VCMT2H1L2nI/AAAAAAABD_Q/iY6UX29z_lU/s1600/solaris2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-L1WzwV3FW2U/VCMT2H1L2nI/AAAAAAABD_Q/iY6UX29z_lU/s1600/solaris2.jpg" height="274" width="550" /></a></div>
Most suggestive of all is Kelvin’s weird “dream” in Chapter 12 (“The Dreams”). The language of the dream passage is worth close attention, but here I can only note that the entire dream can be read as if it were being narrated by either Kelvin or Solaris, which is for a while humanly “informed” by Kelvin’s thoughts. To make sense of this dream, for which Kelvin provides no commentary, we are invited to conclude that Kelvin and Solaris penetrate each other to create a being—“a woman?” (12:187), doubtless Rheya—and then to experience the excruciating suffering of a mysterious dissection. At the dream’s conclusion, the narrator observes his/its suffering as “a mountain of grief visible in the dazzling light of another world’ ’ (ibid.). Whoever the observer here might be, this indeterminate process of incarnation implicates both Kelvin and Solaris—as if each were perceiving it through the other in some inarticulable way.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-02eZIUyRbG0/VCMT-bOpQOI/AAAAAAABD_Y/V1CvNY-daA0/s1600/5868870693_1457fc2320_z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-02eZIUyRbG0/VCMT-bOpQOI/AAAAAAABD_Y/V1CvNY-daA0/s1600/5868870693_1457fc2320_z.jpg" height="448" width="550" /></a></div>
If these are moments of direct contact bypassing the mediations of egocentric rationality, then we can conclude that some exchange actually does occur between the human and the alien, the self and the Other. Snow speculates that through the Visitors Solaris may be learning about mortality, and the increasing human autonomy of the Visitors may serve just this purpose. (“It implores us to help it die with every one of its creations” [12:192], he tells Kelvin.) Since Solaris’s power to stabilize matter extends from massless neutrinos to its own orbit around two suns, it is possible that the planet experiences the pain of death for the first time through the annihilation of the Visitors. (This speculation is justified also by the “piercing scream which came from no human throat” [12:190], probably the death-agony of Sartorius’s Visitor, that awakens Kelvin one night.) Through Rheya specifically, Solaris may have learned the ethical and affective essence of the human, the ability to transform necessary death into liberating self-sacrifice for the sake of loved ones. Kelvin, in turn, appears to loosen his clutch on his narcissistic self-projections, and comes to identify himself with the planet and to “forgive” it, attaining an almost super-human patience.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UT5wbQWu4oM/VCMUF94a1wI/AAAAAAABD_g/Cx-txK3nNUE/s1600/Color_light_Man.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UT5wbQWu4oM/VCMUF94a1wI/AAAAAAABD_g/Cx-txK3nNUE/s1600/Color_light_Man.jpg" height="550" width="550" /></a></div>
<b>3. These are suggestive passages</b>, and they resist interpretation as anything other than moments of non-rational, non-conscious exchange—true moments of contact so surpassing the common run of human communication that they could well be mistaken for religious inspiration. Still, the fundamental indeterminacy of <i>Solaris </i>will not let us accept any interpretation based only on what Kelvin, our sole informant, tells us. Once the question is raised whether we can “see” something that is not a projection of human consciousness, we cannot make a purely rational or objective determination one way or the other. Readers of <i>Solaris </i>are Solarists, too—the phenomena of the novel’s action reach us in the language of a Solarist and psychologist whose own reflections on how hypotheses are generated anticipate and subsume most of the hypotheses the reader might come up with independently. Just as the indeterminacy of Solaris deflects its explorers back into doubt about their methods of interpreting phenomena, the indeterminacy of the evidence in Solaris deflects us back into doubt about our own methods of reading.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-241e5jSn_MU/VCMUMUVp2JI/AAAAAAABD_o/PzzF-z2Zyno/s1600/The-top-20-space-movies-18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-241e5jSn_MU/VCMUMUVp2JI/AAAAAAABD_o/PzzF-z2Zyno/s1600/The-top-20-space-movies-18.jpg" height="400" width="550" /></a></div>
Lem has constructed <i>Solaris </i>in such a way that every apparently significant element in the text corresponds to other significant elements, creating a hall of mirrors with no windows from which to observe some privileged noncorresponding structure of things. Rose and Ketterer have demonstrated in their readings of the novel that symbolic images reflect one another to a suffocating degree; in <i>Solaris</i>, Ketterer writes (evoking Heisenberg), “man confronts only analogues of his own image” (p. 201). Allusions to the literature of illusion extend this doubling from the internal action of the tale to the status of the book and reader in the world outside the text. For example, Lem requires us to accept Romanticism’s favorite devices of doubling and self-reflection simply to follow the manifestly realistic plot. Ghosts, mirrors, dreams, unconscious memories and impulses, a web of symbolic correspondences, eerily enclosed spaces and sublime voids all function as empirically concrete “objects” in a scientific mystery. Names appear to be allusive, and perhaps even allegorical: Kelvin, Rheya,4 Sartorius, Snaut, Andre Berton, Fechner, die designations of the spaceships (<i>Prometheus</i>, Ulysses, <i>Laocdon</i>, <i>Alaric</i>), even Solaris itself. But since we cannot be sure exactly how these allusions work or whether they all work the same way, or even whether they are arbitrary red-herrings just imitating allusions,5 the extratextual things to which they refer also lose their solidity, and are absorbed into the book’s world of indeterminate elements. We know only that they correspond. We do not know what these correspondences mean.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-huQ3IMiG53w/VCMUXqv8rsI/AAAAAAABD_w/Ck6y35nvHvc/s1600/solaris.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-huQ3IMiG53w/VCMUXqv8rsI/AAAAAAABD_w/Ck6y35nvHvc/s1600/solaris.jpg" height="550" width="442" /></a></div>
To create even broader ironies, Lem invokes a whole library of romance, satire, and myth: Don Quixote, Gulliver, Poe’s phantom lovers, the Grail Quest, the tale of Eros and Psyche, Echo and Narcissus, the Passion and the Creation. Since the manifest problem of the Solarists and readers is how to determine whether human consciousness can know anything other than itself, each of the myths and stories invoked in the book becomes a version of the same problem—and thus each is transformed into a version of Solaris. Again, we are shown Western culture’s problems and the creations responding to them reflecting one another. But what do these reflections signify? The infinite play of mutually reflecting projections, or the appropriation of transcendental knowledge?<br />
<br />
The problem is raised vividly, never to be dispelled, when Kelvin comes upon the dead Gibarian’s Visitor, a gigantic African woman, who reclines soft and warm and alive next to Gibarian’s corpse in the space station’s freezer. Thrown into a panic, Kelvin wonders whether what he is seeing is reality or a hallucination. He tries to concoct a controlled experiment to test his sanity, but he knows that his conclusions can prove nothing. A deranged mind’s illusions of certainty are indistinguishable from a sane mind’s knowledge. Consciousness can never make an object out of itself for objective observation. Kelvin lands on an apparent solution: he sets up a complicated problem of calculation, which he then matches with the precalculated conclusions of an independently orbiting satellite-computer, on the assumption that he would not be able to match the computer’s speed even in a hallucination. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nl4q5RgCwvc/VCMUjHPoGsI/AAAAAAABD_4/Ec1kRIVRf30/s1600/solaris1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nl4q5RgCwvc/VCMUjHPoGsI/AAAAAAABD_4/Ec1kRIVRf30/s1600/solaris1.jpg" height="276" width="550" /></a></div>
When the numbers mesh, he believes he has demonstrated the reality of the Visitors. It is a persuasive tactic, but once the seed of doubt has taken root it cannot be pulled up. Could not Kelvin have dreamed the satellite’s results as well? Who can determine the limits of the mind’s power of projection? Never in reading Solaris can we establish a hierarchy of phenomena or significations stable enough for us to interpret events unambiguously. We can never tell what is the ‘ ‘real’ ’ structure of events and what are the deviations. None of the protagonists’ conscious assertions is above suspicion. The Solarists are desperate men. They are faced not only with an alien reality resistant to their reason, but also, in the Visitors, with their most familiar and unattractive selves out in the light of day.<br />
<br />
In the final analysis, we have no way of determining whether Solaris is not the collective hallucination of the whole human species, like the “monsters of the id” in the film <i>Forbidden Planet</i>. Or, inversely, whether the human species is not the hallucination of the dreaming “ocean-yogi” Solaris, corresponding to the Hindu notion of <i>maya</i>. We cannot tell what is the referent and what is the referring term. Our inability to determine Kelvin’s fate one way or another is part of the necessary irony of the epistemological problem created by Lem’s alien. No definition of the Other (and, of course, of the self) is possible without reference to a standard that transcends both the self and the Other. But how can such a thing be conceived “scientifically”? In <i>Solaris's</i> maze of correspondences, enclosures, and reflections, what we and the Solarists lack is something that would be non-corresponding, a “meta-alien” structure that would not mean anything: something as determinately different from the dialectical unity of self and Other as self and Other are from each other. But, of course, that is what neither science nor the reader can have.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dJt4vmD4zZ8/VCMUv7tQjZI/AAAAAAABEAA/JzKumjdhH_M/s1600/antropic_prn.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dJt4vmD4zZ8/VCMUv7tQjZI/AAAAAAABEAA/JzKumjdhH_M/s1600/antropic_prn.gif" height="400" width="550" /></a></div>
<b>4. In the conclusion of his book <i>Fantastyka i futurologia</i></b> (<i>Science Fiction and Futurology</i>)6 Lem discusses the techniques he believes are appropriate methods for expressing authentically the semantic problems of scientific- technological culture in contemporary fiction. For Lem, modem literature evolves through the conflict between the ruling cultural codes of empiricism and the writer’s need to have a coherent set of normative rules of social conduct upon which, or against which, to base artistic norms. Western culture’s dominant empiricism is in fact a set of anti-codes. “For empiricism,” Lem writes, ‘ ‘the only inviolable barrier is the totality of attributes of nature it calls the body of natural laws. Thus, observing the human world from an empirical standpoint necessarily leads to the complete relativization of cultural norms everywhere where they impose ‘unfounded’ imperatives and restraints” (“Metafantasia”: 62).<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ah_KJjxY0ow/VCMVeBJzrBI/AAAAAAABEAI/KkV497sOTXs/s1600/R9800055-Ripples_in_the_microwave_background_radiation-SPL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ah_KJjxY0ow/VCMVeBJzrBI/AAAAAAABEAI/KkV497sOTXs/s1600/R9800055-Ripples_in_the_microwave_background_radiation-SPL.jpg" height="550" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Traditionally, art worked with structures derived from mythical-religious concepts that antedated scientific rationalism. These concepts reinforced certain social codes by presenting the culture and its axioms as sacred and unquestionable. The realm of human decisions was viewed as part of a cosmic order and was given value because of its cosmic resonances. Empiricism, according to Lem, was Western culture’s “Trojan horse,” because of its success in dissolving from within those cultural norms not based on utility and comfort. Artists in the modem age have been unable to find new axiogenic structures to replace the sacred-mythological ones that secular science eroded. Hybridization techniques abound but original, self-consistent ethical and aesthetic structures can not develop where norms are constantly subject to rational criticism and technological innovation.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PyW3mtEuh28/VCMV3jORU3I/AAAAAAABEAQ/84crIK7Ku6k/s1600/space-091312-002b.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PyW3mtEuh28/VCMV3jORU3I/AAAAAAABEAQ/84crIK7Ku6k/s1600/space-091312-002b.jpeg" height="550" width="550" /></a></div>
Parody of myth is one obvious and already traditional solution; but it is purely critical, and entirely dependent on the myths it parodies. Lem believes that two radical methods of “cunning structuration” (“Metafantasia”: 64) are particularly appropriate for 20th-century writers in the age of indeterminacy. The first is to give ‘ ‘the total structure of a work a multidimensional ‘indeterminacy,’” a technique Lem associates with Kafka’s T<i>he Castle</i>. The writer seals up different modes of signification in the work’s structure in such a way that the reader is given all the clues necessary to accept <i>that </i>the work signifies in a unified way, but not how to determine the significance of that unity, i.e., what the work means. “Kafka’s <i>The Castle</i>,” according to Lem,<br />
<br />
can be read as a caricature of transcendence, a Heaven maliciously dragged down to Earth and mocked, or in precisely the opposite way, as the only image of transcendence available to a fallen humanity_____ Works like this do not expose those main junctures that could reveal their unambiguous ontological meanings; and the constant uncertainty this produces is the structural equivalent of the existential secret. (“Metafantasia”: 64)<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZGfseZnnh0U/VCMWAH1IA0I/AAAAAAABEAY/jgxFs5xtNpg/s1600/Planck_gravitational_lensing_CMB_orig.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZGfseZnnh0U/VCMWAH1IA0I/AAAAAAABEAY/jgxFs5xtNpg/s1600/Planck_gravitational_lensing_CMB_orig.jpeg" height="360" width="550" /></a></div>
The other approach Lem singles out is the manifest interpenetration of incongruous structures and paradigmatic forms—some harmonious, some dissonant, and some changing their relations in the course of the fiction’s development. Like Kafka’s technique, such writing denies the reader an absolute system of relations by which to interpret relative systems. Some of the structures might be so divergent that they distort and “damage” the information produced by the other structures; at other times, convergences might occur fortuitously. The most radical model of this technique, in Lem’s view, is the French<i> nouveau roman</i>, and especially the work of Robbe-Grillet, where even chance enters as a constitutive structure to create a clash between the paradigmatic forms of order and chaos (“Metafantasia” : 65).<br />
<br />
Both of these techniques of “cunning structuration” are adequate to the philosophical problems raised by indeterminacy. For the writer who weakens the reader’s sense of certainty by weakening the culturally privileged conventions of fiction also weakens the reader’s sense of certainty about the world to which the fiction’s language is believed to refer. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hKzc1QdrhM0/VCMWU4pPJDI/AAAAAAABEAg/1bSLX8YL_ts/s1600/cosmic-microwave-radiation-google-earth-background1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hKzc1QdrhM0/VCMWU4pPJDI/AAAAAAABEAg/1bSLX8YL_ts/s1600/cosmic-microwave-radiation-google-earth-background1.jpg" height="526" width="550" /></a></div>
Because of this systematic refusal to speak plainly, the reader begins to feel unsure whether he or she really understands what the description is concretely about, and this gives rise to the semantic wavering that characterizes the reception of modem poetry... .These approaches have a common origin: as the level of the reception’s indeterminacy rises, the reader’s own personal determinations begin to waver. In practice, it is often impossible to determine whether a given narrative structure is only very indirect and elliptical, but essentially homogeneous, or one deliberately damaged by ‘chance noise, ’ or even perforated, softened and bent by another, discordant structure. Furthermore, since one can also create multilayered structures, even the concrete quality of the described object or situation can be transformed beyond recognition and reshaped from one level of articulation to another. Thus, it is often impossible to determine categorically whether the basic structure of description is an image of order or of chaos. (“Metafantasia”: 67).<br />
<br />
Many of the problems of interpreting <i>Solaris </i>evaporate in the light of Lem’s meditations on modernism, for Lem conflates these two ways of creating semantic indeterminacy in the design of his novel. The similarity of <i>Solaris </i>to<i> The Castle</i> is readily apparent: the planet is Kelvin’s Castle. Whether it will yield its secret or not, Kelvin insists that it has a secret to yield, and that he has been “called” to plot its dimensions, like the land-surveyor K. Instead of opening the transcendental significance of the cosmos to him, <i>Solaris </i>remains opaque, ‘ ‘communicating’ ’ with him through inscrutable messengers, the Visitors. Once these obstructive messengers are cleared away, Kelvin believes he is, just as Potts puts it, an empty slate ready to be inscribed upon by the demiurgic Other. The alien intelligence provides humankind with a glimpse of its long- sought Archimedean point in the universe only to show how inaccessible it is. <i>Solaris </i>might be profitably read as a gloss on Kafka’s remark that Man “found the Archimedean point, but he used it against himself; it seems he was permitted to find it only under this condition” (Arendt: 278). At the same time, since the Other is (by definition?) totally inscrutable, Kelvin, like K., accepts that his human cognition and his knowledge of his place in the universe are corrupt in their essence. Both Kelvin and K. follow the lead of Gulliver, who would rather be a horse.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5RQRPKjmMlQ/VCMWxXcQMSI/AAAAAAABEAo/_Qax7GpJWBM/s1600/solaris%2B(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5RQRPKjmMlQ/VCMWxXcQMSI/AAAAAAABEAo/_Qax7GpJWBM/s1600/solaris%2B(2).jpg" height="484" width="550" /></a></div>
Lem punctuates and deforms this Kafka-like ambiguity with a version of ihe other “system of indeterminacy” he associates with literary modernism, the mutual interference of narrative structures which outside the text appear as clear and distinct, even mutually contradictory. This method creates the inverse effect to the impenetrable mystery of “the structural equivalent of the existential secret.” The reader is made to feel that the elements of narrative are all familiar, “taken from the repertoire of culturally known situations” invoking ‘ ‘the repertoire of possible issues appropriate for [them] ’ ’ (“Metafantasia”: 66); yet in their incongruous conflation, they seem “perforated, softened and bent’ ’ by one another (ibid., p. 67). The hard opacity of the unyielding secret is complemented by the nauseating fluidity of the familiar when facing that opacity.<br />
<br />
<b>5. This sense of distortion</b> through “softening” of order comes about spontaneously in the action of <i>Solaris</i>. The various self-consistent models that the protagonists—and readers—of the novel use to interpret the mysterious action lose their distinctions. These putatively sharply-defined systems for articulating reality are transformed into a single fluid process whose only articulation is its difference from the sentient planet. <br />
<br />
In a world ruled by positive rationality (the implied epistemology of Western consciousness in <i>Solaris</i>), certain culturally privileged structures of cognition through which writers make sense of the natural and social worlds (such as physics, biology, psychoanalysis, psychochemistry, romantic love, religious faith, mythology, “fantomology,”7 to mention the most prominent ones in <i>Solaris</i>) appear to be all-explaining and mutually exclusive from within those structures. From the standpoint of contemporary culture as a whole, they appear to be parts that, when ideally combined, come closer to articulating the truth about reality than any single one of them. This view implies that human cognition operates by maintaining a great variety of possible techniques for world- describing (and the possibility of syntheses among these), some of which are certainly expected to assimilate whatever reality has in store. All such privileged models of explanation are based on the positive faith that truth exists ‘ ‘outside” consciousness and must be appropriated by it. When confronted by a concrete existing thing that resists all strategies of appropriation, the common character of these strategies comes out in relief: all are projections of human qualities, as if they could exist outside human limits.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-I0KAXgNC408/VCMXWTdII8I/AAAAAAABEAw/0M4ZqQaSOXo/s1600/5367153047_af8645e632_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-I0KAXgNC408/VCMXWTdII8I/AAAAAAABEAw/0M4ZqQaSOXo/s1600/5367153047_af8645e632_b.jpg" height="288" width="550" /></a></div>
Of course, Lem cannot create a truly alien creature to make us see this paradox from outside human consciousness. Though he takes great pains to evoke the sense of <i>Solaris</i>’s strangeness through vividly detailed, and yet barely intelligible, descriptions of the planet and its excrescences, we always see the planet through a human observer’s language as it strives to assimilate an <i>a priori</i> non- assimilable object. Our only evidence that there is a truly alien intelligence is that all the intrahuman distinctions between modes of thought and types of discourse either disappear (as in Kelvin’s strange love story) or, when they retain their distinctiveness, they become absurd anachronisms, personified by Sar- torius’s pedantic devotion to his positivistic ideals and personal discipline. In the face of that-which-does-not-correspond, the most diverse and contradictory ways of making sense become a single self-reflecting set of correspondences, an amorphous mythoscience thrashing in its inability to articulate the alien.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-x3bPXn0_egQ/VCMXpDw6OvI/AAAAAAABEA4/z0-e0cSQ258/s1600/title_solaris_blu-ray.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-x3bPXn0_egQ/VCMXpDw6OvI/AAAAAAABEA4/z0-e0cSQ258/s1600/title_solaris_blu-ray.jpg" height="242" width="550" /></a></div>
Lem constructs this ironic “alienation” of cognition by at every turn denying the Solarists and readers the opportunity to complete the structure of signification that they were invited to expect by the text’s allusions. Lem, and Solaris, evoke certain structures particularly privileged in Western culture, only to distort them through other structures alien, and even inimical, to them. In other words, hypotheses are made possible and projected by modes of thought that contradict those hypotheses. In this way, the failure of the positive science of Solaristics (which already encompasses all the existing branches of science and has produced a multitude of new branches by the time Kelvin arrives on the station) to appropriate Solaris gradually leads the scientists to act as if the “Solaris project’ ’ were the projection of something more archaic (i.e., both older and more generative) than science. At one moment it is religious longing and messianism. Kelvin discovers this view fully elaborated in the writings of the Solarist Muntius, who had written that “Solaristics is the space era’s equivalent of religion; faith disguised as science... .Exploration is a liturgy using the language of methodology; the drudgery of the Solarists is carried out only in the expectation of fulfillment, of an Annunciation, for there are not and cannot be any bridges between Solaris and the Earth” (11:180).<br />
<br />
Solaristics as messianism and as science may, however, be only a projection of erotic repression and narcissism, which founders when the Solarists have to confront their Freudian ghosts, the repressed “others” inside themselves. Snow tells Kelvin:<br />
<br />
We think of ourselves as Knights of the Holy Contact. This is another lie. We are only seeking Man. We have no need for other worlds. We need mirrors_______ We are searching for an ideal image of our world_____ At the same time there is something inside us which we don’t like to face up to, from which we try to protect ourselves, but which nevertheless remains, since we don’t leave the Earth in primal innocence. (6:81)<br />
<br />
Like the Solarist commentators, we can go further. All these ideological and psychological projections may be the inevitable projection of the physical definition of the human body onto the universe. So the eccentric Solarist Gras- trom speculates in discerning the anthropomorphisms “in the equations of the theory of relativity, the theorem of magnetic fields, and the various unified field theories” (11:178). The ideal systems of reason come gradually to be seen as versions of human limitation disguised as transcendence. Lem’s Solarists, all men of science and hard common sense, are compelled to entertain an idea that necessarily casts grave doubts on the basis of their lives as scientists: that there is no clear line between reason and unreason, reality and illusion.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-50DMPr1Sxhc/VCMZ2A1ylXI/AAAAAAABEBA/VYYKKj65R7c/s1600/cfcr2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-50DMPr1Sxhc/VCMZ2A1ylXI/AAAAAAABEBA/VYYKKj65R7c/s1600/cfcr2.jpg" height="312" width="550" /></a></div>
<b>6. Because readers of <i>Solaris </i>approach it as fiction</b>, and expect the science to be metaphorical, an educated reader cannot be as upset by the idea of science as a systematized form of despair as the Solarists are. The literary form offers a kind of comfort, deriving from the sense that the story’s order is distinct from that of the ideas it “uses.” And since these ideas are transformed by fiction into metaphors at the outset, the reader already starts out expecting some of the collapse of quasi-rationalistic systems into one another that the professional scientists of the tale experience in the action. As the possibility of a realistic interpretation of <i>Solaris </i>dissolves for the reader, and the scientists themselves seem to turn to religious and psychoanalytic explanations, the reader looks for clues of more traditional mythic structures. Lem provides such clues abundantly in various kinds of allusions: in names, situations, and explicit speculations. But these mythic structures, too, are subject to the novel’s underlying indeterminacy. They also suffer the same mutual deformation and incongruous motivation as the quasi-rationalistic explanatory models.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yIo8wryr6oA/VCManUkN3lI/AAAAAAABEBI/4Nk_VDlyk6Q/s1600/gravity-galaxy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yIo8wryr6oA/VCManUkN3lI/AAAAAAABEBI/4Nk_VDlyk6Q/s1600/gravity-galaxy.jpg" height="360" width="550" /></a></div>
The whole Solarist enterprise seems trapped in a Myth of the Will—a myth designed to explain and support humanity’s appropriation of the material universe. This myth appears gross and absurd when confronted by a manifestly more powerful alien being. Into this stalemate come the Visitors, whom Lem clearly identifies with Myths of Love. Although we never learn who Snow’s and Sartorius’s Visitors are, we can infer from Gibarian’s African woman and from Rheya, as well as from some of Snow’s guarded comments, that all the Visitors are incarnations of repressed objects of erotic desire. The situation implies that the Solarists have drawn their power to explore and their love of adventure from this repression, and that the shock of seeing their shadow-selves so concretely in front of them saps their egoistic resolve. The ironic exception is Sartorius. His sadistic hatred of the Visitors, and the unbending scientific egoism associated with it, is sufficient to sustain him until he succeeds in inventing the neutrino-annihilator that “kills” the simulacra. While Kelvin, and to a lesser degree Snow, come to accept the Visitors’ and Solaris’s right to be real, Sartorius’s whole existence is predicated on the destruction of everything that interferes with his positive ego-science.<br />
<br />
Rheya in particular seems to carry the values of non-scientific mythic- religious mediation, albeit in a way that deforms distinct mythic structures of mediation by conflating them. Rheya gradually takes on the role for Kelvin of a personal mediator sent to him for inscrutable reasons by a deific intelligence. She offers him the opportunity to redeem the guilt and shame of his life with the original Rheya, an absolution of the Old Kelvin, a <i>vita nuova</i>. But the exact value of Rheya’s mythic-religious character in <i>Solaris </i>depends on how we interpret Kelvin’s decision to stay by the planet at the end of the novel.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OF2_6YIoPOk/VCMd4qYVpRI/AAAAAAABEBQ/65iNVUn7Tac/s1600/Shame.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OF2_6YIoPOk/VCMd4qYVpRI/AAAAAAABEBQ/65iNVUn7Tac/s1600/Shame.jpg" height="360" width="550" /></a></div>
Rheya begins as a mere embodiment of Kelvin’s erotic desire. She seems like an indestructible goddess attached to a mortal lover. Her physical structure appears to be so stable that she might never grow old. Her anomalous neutrino- based body, however, makes it doubtful that she could remain stable away from her heavenly abode near Solaris. These associations are not lost on Snow, who refers to Rheya once as a “fair Aphrodite, child of Ocean” (12:192), much to Kelvin’s annoyance—although he himself had earlier called Gibarian’s Visitor “a monstrous Aphrodite” (3:37). As Rheya becomes increasingly human in her feelings and quandaries, the character of her love appears to change also. It gradually becomes less arbitrary, clinging, and childlike, and increasingly faithful and altruistic. She becomes a doubly-inverted, paradoxical image of Christ, a materialistic version of the transcendental mediator. She is a human form of Solaris, and a Solarian form of the human. As she mysteriously evolves into a conscious, free agent, again and again acting against her physical limits (by drinking the liquid oxygen, keeping her distance from Kelvin, and lying about listening to Gibarian’s cassette [9:143]), she fulfills—Lem implies— essential cognitive, axiological, and ontological conditions of being human. She is conscious of her ignorance of her origins; she is willing to sacrifice her life for a loved one; and she is, in the end, able to die. The goddess freely chooses to accept death to liberate Kelvin from his guilt. Since Sartorius and Snow will not be swayed from their determination to annihilate the Visitors, they have the force of fate for Rheya. Her acceptance of death re-enacts the tragic grace of Christ’s passion on Solaris Station.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5bQgIheIem0/VCMewXVmkmI/AAAAAAABEBc/I8aDXy2uvRo/s1600/InexperiencedSingleGermanshepherd.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5bQgIheIem0/VCMewXVmkmI/AAAAAAABEBc/I8aDXy2uvRo/s1600/InexperiencedSingleGermanshepherd.gif" height="275" width="550" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
However, Rheya can only recapitulate the myth of Christ if the whole mythic structure of Christ’s mediation is complete in Kelvin’s life. Her death makes sense as a quasi-religious mediation only if Kelvin at the end has been emancipated from his egoism and the burden of his past sins into a condition of new hope. Rheya’s act would then imply a version of transcendental grace, validating the religion of Contact and affirming the ‘ ‘personal” relationship between the godlike Solaris and the human Kelvin. But if, with Parrinder, we view Kelvin as a man stuck in the hall of mirrors of narcissistic self-reflection, then the character of Rheya’s mediation changes from emancipatory to ironic. Instead of Christ, she becomes Echo, the loveliest and most concrete of Kelvin’s fated self-reflections. Although she is the only one of his echoes capable of loving Narcissus, her love can do nothing to save him from drowning in the unfathomable ocean-pool whose surface reflects his face throughout the cosmos. These two mythic structures are inimical to each other. A myth cannot simultaneously validate transcendental grace and transcendental fatedness. And yet we cannot discard either structure in reading <i>Solaris</i>.<br />
<br />
The paradoxes of interpretation stem not only from the way these incompatible myths associated with Rheya are shaded into one another. The reader is also deprived of ways to determine the ontological status of the myths and mythic beings. The realistic ontology of the tale seems fixed. We are never led to entertain magical or mythical explanations literally. The role of the mythic is never emphasized in <i>Solaris</i>. Its presence seems only to represent the natural tendency of people to create structures of explanation even when empirical and rationalistic conditions for one cannot be met. Myth then is an explanation of something that does not cease to be considered mysterious as a result of that explanation. Rheya’s physical existence can be explained in materialistic terms: as a “form” taken from a “psychic tumor” in Kelvin’s cerebrosides, as a neutrino-based anthropomimetic structure, as an “instrument” of Solaris. In a sense, then, her supernatural character is merely a particularly objective projection of unconscious human (and Solarian?) needs. The mythology she evokes is closer to Freud’s and Feuerbach’s than to Golgotha’s and Attica’s. But, as usual in Solaris, the materialistic explanation leads only to its own limits and to the necessity of inferring a form inconceivable in materialistic terms. The familiar form of the Visitors, Kelvin tells his colleagues, is only a camouflage: “the real structure, which determines the functions of the Visitors, remains concealed” (7:111). Solarists can determine that the planet is composed of atoms. How it can produce a human being formed from neutrinos is beyond the comprehension of Solaristics.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GDNvWZ5_s3Y/VCMfDHHwFQI/AAAAAAABEBk/kyHhl6ZLRoo/s1600/FamiliarBaggyCricket.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GDNvWZ5_s3Y/VCMfDHHwFQI/AAAAAAABEBk/kyHhl6ZLRoo/s1600/FamiliarBaggyCricket.gif" height="275" width="550" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
7. <b>In <i>Solaris</i>, Lem built into his design</b> both of the literary ‘ ‘systems of indeterminacy” he discusses in his “Metafantasia”—hermetic ambiguity and mutual distortion of structures—to represent the cultural implications of the contemporary cognitive paradoxes. Each “system” is an actual, culturally- sanctioned ideological interpretation of those implications. Hermetic ambiguity implies that there are possible resolutions; but, in Kafka’s words, they are “not for us. ” Opposed to this inverted transcendentalist model, the mutual deformation of narrative structures attempts to reflect the view that human consciousness and nature are immanentiy “impure,” indefinite processes. Lem does not opt for one or the other of these radical solutions. He is essentially a realist. He adopts his clashing paradigms from the actual historical evolution of Western culture, which has proven to be a more exact prototype for his drama of cognizance than more subjective models might have been. It embodies, by definition, the strictest determinism (it has already happened) and the most complete openness (we can never be sure what happened, because it is not over). Just as Solaristics includes idealistic hypotheses that the planet is an “imperfect god” or “ocean-yogi,” materialistic hypotheses that it is a “plasmic mechanism,” and syntheses, like the “homeostatic ocean” theory, a true image of indeterminacy in reading includes both the quasi-transcendentalist and quasiimmanentist paradigms of uncertainty—each of which re-enacts prescientific ideologies in the language of science. Solaris cannot be made intelligible from only one of these mutually contradictory perspectives. Both Solaris and Solaris are the product of integrating certain clues into structures that cannot remain stable and closed: since myth and science, metaphor and realistic mimesis, motivate one another, no privileged way of reading emerges. Whether Kelvin, the representative ofhuman culture, is on the verge of “widening [a] conceptual framework” as Bohr hoped the science of the future would, or on the verge of an unbridgeable gulf between human culture and the universe, we cannot know. Lem leaves his readers at the station where he believes the 20th century’s quantum-Solarists arrived just before them.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_5lYvfyZnx8/VCMS6jLcluI/AAAAAAABD-g/9bfYWWHh4dU/s1600/mg21829172-200-1_1200.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_5lYvfyZnx8/VCMS6jLcluI/AAAAAAABD-g/9bfYWWHh4dU/s1600/mg21829172-200-1_1200.jpg" height="490" width="550" /></a></div>
<b style="font-size: x-large;">NOTES</b><br />
<br />
1. Lem’s collected critical works available in English are scheduled to be published in 1985 by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, under the title <i>Microworlds</i>, edited by Franz Rottensteiner. <br />
<br />
2. English-language commentaries on Lem include Rose (pp. 82-95), Suvin (in <i>Solaris</i>, pp. 212-23), Ketterer (pp. 182-202), and Potts. <br />
<br />
3. To avoid confusion, I will use the English translators’ versions, Snow and Rheya, for Lem’s Polish originals, Snaut and Harey. <br />
<br />
4. In the original Polish version, Lem names Kelvin’s wife and Visitors ‘ ‘Harey. ’ ’ The English translators’ decision to rename her “Rheya” strikes me as an inspired improvement over the original. The linking of this ambiguous mediator with the Earth goddess reinforces and intensifies the irony of Kelvin’s decision not to return to the Earth. <br />
<br />
5. The reader who tries to piece Solaris together from apparent allusions is in for a hard time. Does the novel’s Fechner, the first explorer to die on Solaris and the possible source of the gigantic child witnessed by his colleague Berton, hint at the great German psychophysicist, Gustav Theodor Fechner, who was equally well known for his ‘ ‘hard’ ’ work in psychological quantification and his theosophical speculations on the angelic nature of planets? Is Andre Berton a distorted allusion to the manifester of Surrealism? Should Kelvin be associated with Lord Kelvin and the only absolute currently available to science? Is there significance in the names of the spaceships mentioned by Kelvin, and in their order of appearance : the glorious ascetic resolve of the <i>Prometheus </i>followed by the <i>Ulysses </i>’ connotations of cunning and homesickness, which is then followed by the <i>Laocdon</i>’s passive suffering for misreading the gods, and finally the <i>Alaric</i>'s purely destructive power of conquest? These and many other names seem to call out for interpretation, but we cannot be sure that they are not arbitrary. (In correspondence, Lem claims that all the names in the novel came to him unconsciously, with the exception of Sartorius, who is named for a tiny muscle.) <br />
<br />
6. The concluding chapter of the book has appeared in English as “Metafantasia: The Possibilities of Science Fiction” (see “Works Cited”). <br />
<br />
7. In his <i>Summa Technologiae</i>, Lem gives this name to the study of artificial realities “that are in no way distinguishable from normal reality by the intelligent beings that live in them, but which nonetheless obey rules deviating from that normal reality” {Summa, 4:171). <br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">WORKS CITED </span></b><br />
<br />
Arendt, Hannah. <i>Between Past and Future</i> (NY, 1968). <br />
<br />
Frye, Northrop. <i>Anatomy of Criticism</i> (Princeton, 1971). <br />
<br />
Ketterer, David. <i>New Worlds for Old</i> (Bloomington, IN: 1974). <br />
<br />
Lem, Stanislaw. “Metafantasia: The Possibilities of Science Fiction,” SFS, 8 (1981): 54-70. <br />
<br />
_____________ . <i>Solaris</i>, trans. Joanna Kilmartin & Steve Cox (NY: Berkley, 1970). <br />
<br />
_____________ . <i>Summa Technologiae</i> (Budapest, 1976). <br />
<br />
Parrinder, Patrick. “The Black Wave: Science and Social Consciousness in Modem Science Fiction” <i>Radical Science Journal</i>, no. 4 (1977), pp. 37-61. <br />
<br />
Potts, Stephen J. “Dialogues Concerning Human Understanding: Empirical Views of God from Locke to Lem, ” in <i>Bridges to Science Fiction</i>, ed. George Slusser (Car- bondale, IL.: 1979). <br />
<br />
Rose, Mark. <i>Alien Encounters</i>. (Cambridge, MA: 1981). <br />
<br />
Suvin, Darko. “The Open-Ended Parables of Stanislaw Lem and Solaris,” in Lem’s <i>Solaris</i>, ed. cit., pp. 212-23. <br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">RESUME </span></b><br />
<br />
<i>Istvan Csicsery-Ronay. </i><b><i>Le livre est l’extraterrestre: ä propos de lectures certaines et incertaines du </i>Solaris <i>de Lem</i></b><i>.— Solaris invite ä deux lectures au moins, contradic- toires mais complementaires: le recit du contact realise avec la planete-ocean et la satire de l’illusion que VAutre puisse jamais etre vraiment connu. Toute tentative du lecteur de chercher une lecture unifiee est homologue ä la quete donquichottesque exposee dans le recit lui-memet qui espere que la « Solaristique» parviendra ä une connaissance seien- tifique unifiee de Solaris. Lem inscrit cette contradiction complementaire dans son recit par la technique de lf« indetermination semantique» qufil decrit dans les conclusions de son ouvrage </i>Fantastyka i futurologia<i>: Vambiguite hermetique qu 'on associe du Chateau de Kafka et I ’interference des structures narratives propre au «nouveau roman» frangais</i>. (IC-R) <br />
<br />
Abstract.— <i>Stanislaw Lem ’s </i>Solaris<i> invites at least two contradictory, but complementary readings: as a romance of achieved Contact with the alien planet, and as a satire on the illusion that the Alien-Other can truly be known. The reader’s attempt to find a unified interpretation of the novel corresponds to the Solarists ’ quixotic efforts to arrive at a unified scientific understanding of Solaris. Lem inscribes this complementary con- tradictoriness in the novel through the literary techniques of ‘ *semantic indeterminacy ’' he describes in the conclusion of his Fantastyka i futurologia: the hermetic ambiguity associated with Kafka ’s </i>The Castle<i> and the mutual interference of narrative structures associated with the French nouveau roma</i>n. (IC-R) <br />
<br />
SCIENCE-FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 12 (1985)José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1680144274492583130.post-8839454904723291142014-08-27T23:48:00.000+02:002014-08-27T23:49:11.537+02:00Ad Astra Per Aspera by Joan Gordon<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-D6_ft7EhtRc/U_5NNLp79UI/AAAAAAAA-cw/gPMq-PZSbdU/s1600/astrofuturism.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-D6_ft7EhtRc/U_5NNLp79UI/AAAAAAAA-cw/gPMq-PZSbdU/s1600/astrofuturism.jpg" height="640" width="426" /></a></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype;"><b>Astrofuturism: Science, Race, and Visions of Utopia in Space by De Witt Douglas Kilgore </b></span><br />
<div style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>In the last few years, the black presence in sf has become stronger, no longer dominated solely by Samuel R. Delany and Octavia Butler and perhaps Steven Barnes. With Nalo Hopkinson’s success and with Sheree R. Thomas’s two <i>Dark Matter </i>anthologies (2000 and 2004, rev. in <i>SFS</i> 28.1 and 31.3), it has become apparent that the number of black sf writers is increasing. Criticism lags behind, however, with only a slim volume by Sandra Grayson, <i>Visions of the Third Millennium: Black Science Fiction Novelists Write the Future</i> (2003; rev. in <i>SFS </i>32.2) and a number of articles paving the way. In spite of the title <i>Astrofuturism</i>, which gestures toward Afrofuturism, and despite the mention of race in the subtitle, Kilgore’s book is not about black sf writers, nor is it a study of race in sf, although it will be a useful tool to examine those two subjects. Instead, it focuses on popular science writing and sf as they deal with the subject of race while constructing utopian futures in their treatment of space flight. Kilgore uses a version of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick’s idea of paranoid and reparative readings as part of the protocol for handling his materials, resulting in a fair, thorough, and sometimes liberating view of works it might be easier to dismiss, or to feel guilty for remembering with a fondness that implicates us in racism. He manages this without letting us, or the works in question, off the hook.</b></div>
</div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>After a very clear Introduction, the book alternates chapters on popular science writing with chapters on sf. The first two chapters deal with popular science writing from the 1930s to the 1950s. The third and fourth chapters treat Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke. The fifth chapter addresses the more social or “domestic” agenda of popular science writing of the 1960s and 1970s. Ben Bova is the focus of the sixth chapter, and a concluding chapter pulls things together.</b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>In the Introduction, subtitled “The Wonderful Dream,” Kilgore defines his subject:</b></div>
<blockquote style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<div align="justify">
<b>Astrofuturism forecasts an escape from terrestrial history. Its roots lie in the nineteenth-century Euro-American preoccupation with imperial expansion and utopian speculation, which it recasts in the elsewhere and else<i>when</i> of outer space.... [I]t is also the space of utopian desire. Astrofuturist speculation on space-based exploration, exploitation, and colonization is capacious enough to contain imperialist, capitalist ambitions and utopian, socialist hopes. (1)</b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>Kilgore sees writing about space exploration, both in fact and fiction, as being “distinguished by its close connections to engineering projects funded by the government and the military” and as sharing a number of dramatic conventions: “characters that embody the future of humanity; the historical, political, literary, and scientific knowledges that those characters represent; the environments they craft, explore, or occupy; and the machines/instruments they create, control, and deploy” (2). Science writing is, then, “deeply implicated in debates on race, class, and gender; inequities thought to represent the chief impediments to the perfection of democratic society” (4-5). Kilgore concludes his introduction with a discussion of Homer H. Hickam, Jr., a NASA aerospace engineer who rose from a coal-mining family in West Virginia and whose story was told in his autobiography, <i>Rocket Boys</i> (1998) and in a film based on the book, <i>October Sky</i> (1999). He also discusses George Takei, the Japanese-American actor who played Sulu in the original <i>Star Trek</i> series (1966-1969) and, more briefly, Nichelle Nichols, also of <i>Star Trek</i>, and Mae C. Jemison, the first black woman in space. As he says of Hickam’s autobiography, <i>Rocket Boys</i> (1998), “[o]ptimistic and critical readings ... are equally true. Since life is lived in that duality, it would be cynical to deny how creatively people make do with what they have, particularly as they rearticulate pedagogical narratives of the status quo into subversive vehicles of their utopian longings” (21). However narrow the visions of the dominant culture (and of the writers of science fact and fiction), for these people, and for Kilgore himself, astrofuturism provides “a language of aspiration” (16). This pattern of critical (or “paranoid,” as Sedgwick would say) and optimistic (or “reparative”) readings will be repeated throughout the book as Kilgore treats both fiction and non-fiction.</b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>Chapter one begins Kilgore’s examination of the contrary motions of space exploration in British, but to a greater extent, American culture—both exclusionary and democratic, conformist and subversive, imperialist and socialist. In “Knocking on Heaven’s Door: David Lasser and the First Conquest of Space,” Kilgore looks at the amateur rocket societies of the 1920s and 1930s, what he calls “first-generation astrofuturism” (32), and the career of David Lasser, who represented the utopian and socialist vision of astrofuturism. As an editor for Hugo Gernsback’s <i>Air Wonder Stories </i>and <i>Science Wonder Stories</i> in 1929, he saw science fact and fiction as closely connected, each requiring both scientific plausibility and “heroic invention” (34). By 1930 he was president of the American Interplanetary Society, whose aim was to promote space travel. Later, as president of the Workers Alliance of America, he became involved in political change, focusing on the needs of workers across racial boundaries. In his book of popular science, <i>The Conquest of Space</i> (1931), Lasser presents his version of the astrofuturist dream: “Lasser identifies national and racial antagonism as the central impediment to a glorious global unity. The conquest of space will increase civilized knowledge and unite the human race” (38-39). Lasser attempted to make connections with the rocketry pioneer, Robert H. Goddard, but Goddard avoided any close association as he sought funds for his own research. Kilgore says, “[t]he exchange between Lasser and Goddard exposes the tensions between science and fiction that have always attended the astrofuturist pursuit of the wonderful dream. The serious tone [of Lasser’s <i>The Conquest of Space</i>] ... could not mask the enthusiastic, utopian, and, as a consequence, radical nature” of his ideas (43). In later years, after the Depression dragged on and World War II began, Lasser left the WAA and became active in New Deal projects, although in spite of his repudiation of communism, “[T]he political atmosphere of the 1940s and 1950s discouraged any visible link between Lasser’s liberal progressivism and the military-industrial complex” (47).</b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>If Lasser belongs to democratic, subversive socialism, the subject of the next chapter belongs to its opposite. “An Empire in Space: Europe and America as Science Fact” describes the career of Wernher von Braun, the German developer of the V-2 rocket in Germany and later in the US Kilgore makes clear the connection between Nazi totalitarianism and American ambitions: “the record of rocket team complicity in Nazi war crimes was adroitly covered up by the US Army and the War Department to avoid the public outcry that would have resulted” (50) if the connection between the new American rocket scientists and their Nazi past had been made. Proceeding through the 1950s, this chapter emphasizes von Braun’s (and the American rocket program’s) moral ambiguity. He points out “the irony inherent in [the program’s] formulation of space futures: in order to achieve the benefits that they expected from the space frontier—more wealth, freedom, and democracy for the individual—the world would have to be organized and its masses mobilized as never before” (51) in order to finance and build the project. Furthermore, as Carl Sagan pointed out, central to von Braun was the “dread ambiguity” that “[t]he modern rocket, which [von Braun] pioneered, will prove to be either the means of mass annihilation through a global thermonuclear war or the means that will carry us to the planets and the stars” (qtd. Kilgore 56). And yet von Braun became a scientist-celebrity throughout the 1950s in America, helping shape the vision of the future in Disneyland and becoming “an ambassador for the space program” (59). Von Braun’s success must “be attributed to the positive value assigned to whiteness in the middle of the last century.” He became a model “for American youth because he was an educated and cultured European and was not racially other” (60). At the same time, Kilgore acknowledges von Braun’s efforts to promote civil rights in Huntsville, Alabama, where he worked. Kilgore goes on to look at von Braun’s own writing, including a novel called <i>The Mars Project</i> (1952) and the popular science essay “Prelude to Space“ (1952), and goes on to make the valuable point that science fact and science fiction are in a feedback loop, with sf learning its science from popular science writing, which, in turn, uses science fiction conventions to explain and illustrate its science.</b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>Kilgore then turns to the science writing of Willy Ley, another German rocket scientist, but one who fled the Nazis. In contrast to von Braun, Ley allied himself with the amateur rocket societies and the science-fiction community, writing for <i>Astounding Science Fiction,</i> becoming science editor for <i>Galaxy Science Fiction</i> in 1952, and writing many books, including his own novel <i>The Conquest of Space</i> (1950) with the artistic collaboration of Chesley Bonestell. Ley’s book, unlike Lesser’s, made a big splash: the atom bomb, which was associated with rocketry, had made rocket science, and by association science fiction, more respectable. In Ley’s work, and in general, “the astrofuturist consensus formed around progressive science and technology, territorial expansion, and a tacit acknowledgment of a social order that placed Europe and white America at the pinnacle of racial and nationalist hierarchies” (78). Ley also valorizes big science and the conquest of nature. In other words, “[r]ather than presenting alternatives ... the space future of the 1950s and 1960s was to be a realm in which the contemporary status quo would find infinite room for expansion” (78).</b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>Chapter three, “Building a Space Frontier: Robert A. Heinlein and the American Tradition,” engages sf literature from the same angle that the previous chapters engage popular science writing. That is, Kilgore looks at Heinlein’s work as a cultural artifact revelatory of attitudes toward space exploration and toward race, gender, and class. Heinlein is his first example of an astrofuturist sf writer for whom “[o]ur ability to control and manipulate the natural world through technoscience is the central assumption” (83). Kilgore describes Heinlein’s work as “sociomilitary,” envisioning “a social order based on an idealized notion of military service” (84). By seeing Heinlein’s work in this way, Kilgore sheds light on its most disturbing aspect for contemporary readers:</b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>The equality between men that the sociomilitary form imposes from the top down is one sign of the tension between control and freedom that structures Heinlein’s narratives. The gender politics of his work are another sign: because of his reliance on the sociomilitary form, Heinlein has difficulty allowing equal places for men and women in his future. (85)</b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype;">The sociomilitary form also divides the world into the military ruling elite and the undisciplined and ignorant masses. Kilgore has more of great interest to say about how Heinlein deals with issues of bias and stratification in his examination of <i>Rocket Ship Galileo</i> (1947), <i>The Star Beast </i>(1954),<i>Space Cadet </i>(1948), and other novels of space exploration. He says that for Heinlein, “racism is a peculiar attitude that can be overcome with the right environmental stimuli[,] ... defin[ing] intolerance as an historical human problem that can be left behind without a serious accounting”</span> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype;">(101). Sexism, too, is seen as an individual rather than institutional flaw, although it is less easily ignored: “The masculine can remain undisturbed if women are allowed to assimilate into it and if cultural assumptions about romance and reproduction are suspended or ignored.” If that is impossible, then women in Heinlein’s narratives “represent a difference disruptive to the efficient operation of any professional environment or mission” (107). The required tolerance of his ideal society “must be imposed and maintained from the top down by a scientifically and technically trained elite” (102).</span></b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>Kilgore broadens his discussion to point out the ways in which these attitudes toward race, gender, and class reflect American attitudes. Specifically, he sees in Heinlein’s future histories “valorization of social and physical sciences and ... devaluation of religious authority echo[ing] the rising prestige of technoscience after the Second World War.” Heinlein uses space exploration to extend America’s vision of manifest destiny “for endless economic expansion.” Kilgore cites parallels between Heinlein’s plots and major events in American history: “[a]s a result the social, political, economic, and cultural past is mirrored in the future, rendering that future recognizable as a smooth and unsurprising extension of the familar” (89). Heinlein’s future extends capitalism and rugged individualism into an expansionist dream that undercuts its own “egalitarian individualism” (95).</b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>As in his discussion of Heinlein, Kilgore gives Arthur C. Clarke his due without letting him off the hook in the following chapter, “Will There Always Be an England? Arthur C. Clarke’s New Eden.” Kilgore sees Clarke’s writing career, both in popular science and sf, as an outgrowth of his early involvement with the British Interplanetary Society. He notes that Clarke spans “the entire length of the space-flight movement,” from the early amateur rocket societies of the 1930s to the space race of the 1950s and 1960s to its continuing development as a post-cold-war project. But Clarke’s future belongs to civilians rather than a military elite, and it emphasizes internationalism and biological evolution rather than capitalism and individualism. In Clarke’s earlier work, such as <i>Prelude to Space</i> (1951), civilization’s evolution is contingent upon the conquest of space, and “human history [is] the expression of a biological imperative toward perfection” (115). Imbedded in Clarke’s optimistic internationalism and dream of perfection is what Kilgore identifies as “imperialism without empire” (119), dominated by British and American culture and language. “[H]is progressive history defends the possibility of imperial benevolence on the grounds that it readies subject peoples for self-government and equality with ‘advanced’ cultures” in bloodless conquests (118).</b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>In later work, Clarke “exchanges his early, optimistic evolutionism for a troubled recognition of race-based inequities as the principal impediment to a human apotheosis” (127). Using <i>Rendezvous With Rama</i> (1973), <i>Rama II </i>(1989), and<i> The Garden of Rama</i> (1991)—the last two are collaborations with Gentry Lee—Kilgore outlines a falling away of optimism as the technological advancement of Raman civilization is associated with a new caste system of real and artificial classes, and as “humankind is prevented from achieving paradise by its history and its biology, its genetically and environmentally determined identification with terrestrial models of hierarchy and identity” (143). Clarke and Lee “replace the failed technological utopianism of the past with a biological utopianism that calls for the erasure of difference through miscegenation” (138). Only through a great leveling, in a social future that divides cultures into progressive (good) and primitive (bad), does their vision permit “harmony on the space frontier” (149). Kilgore is obviously stacking the deck here, as he limits his discussion of Clarke to the rama novels, reminding us that this is not a book about science fiction but about how we look at space exploration in fact and fiction.</b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>The fifth chapter, “The Domestication of Space: Gerard K. O’Neill’s Suburban Diaspora,” marks out what Kilgore calls the second generation of astrofuturists. He sees the first generation—von Braun, Ley, Heinlein, and presumably, though with some qualifications, Clarke—as imagining a future that “would reinforce a familiar status quo with new wealth and provide it with an eternal frontier for expansion” (150). The new generation is more concerned with social change, with solving social problems through the conquest of space. While during the space race, spaceflight was enthusiastically funded by big government, now domestic issues were more pressing, so that “the core of astrofuturism moved out of the halls of policy and back into the popular culture and literature of science fiction.... The futurists of the second generation tend to be academic scientists and popular writers of science fiction and popular science rather than engineers in government service” (151). Furthermore, Kilgore sees the astrofuturists as polarizing into conservative and liberal forces (rather like American politics), with the left imagining space as “the site of utopian experimentation” and the right imagining it as an arena for the continuation of middle-class American social values (153). Gerard O’Neill’s idea of space colonization seems to be the answer to problems of population growth and resource exhaustion, but Kilgore examines O’Neill’s project for the humanization of space and finds that his emphasis on “escape rather than struggle for reform” results in a “space future [in which] the heterogeneity of the whole is assured by the homogeneity of the parts,” with myriad separate monocultures each segregated from the others. He goes on to parallel convincingly O’Neill’s vision of space colonization to the white flight from urban centers to the suburbs that was occurring in the 1970s when O’Neill wrote <i>The High Frontier</i> (1978) and its 1981 sequel, <i>2082: A Hopeful View of the Human Future</i>. Kilgore doesn’t find the sequel hopeful at all, instead finding “a catastrophic tension between an unmarked whiteness representing technological modernity and a marked blackness (racial/cultural others) representing the atavistic survival of preindustrial culture as tourist trophy or exotic spectacle” (176-77).</b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>In the sixth chapter, “Ben Bova: Race, Nation, and Renewal on the High Frontier,” Kilgore describes Bova’s movement from working within the structure of the space program in the 1960s, to writing popular science and science fiction and editing <i>Analog</i> and <i>Omni</i> in the 1970s, to becoming a lobbyist for space flight in the 1980s. He sees Bova as rejecting imperialist narratives for an emphasis on “pluralistic inclusion,” “secular salvation rather than greedy acquisition” as a motive for space flight, and the use of space-based technology as a cure for social ills (187). Kilgore then looks at Bova’s non-fiction book <i>The High Road</i> (1983), in which he introduces the Prometheans, people who use technology to improve social conditions, in contrast to communitarian and environmentalist Luddites and the Establishment. Bova’s novels <i>Millennium </i>(1976) and <i>Kinsman</i> (1979) also illustrate this idea that “the space frontier is to be the site of political, social, and economic renewal” (202), although, as with Heinlein, space provides a way to escape rather than solve earth-bound racial inequities. Bova’s later <i>Mars</i> (1992) and <i>Return to Mars</i> (1999) employ a half-white, half-Navajo character to explore a more integrated vision. On the one hand, these novels “imagine that various indigenous peoples ... might stand as the defenders of science is to reverse the hierarchy of knower and known, ruler and ruled” (220). On the other, Bova allows the Navajo to “perform the role that people of color often undertake in liberal systems: atoning for the sins of their conquerors by succeeding within the systems established by conquest” (221). Here we see both restorative (or optimistic) and paranoid (or critical) readings of Bova’s work. Indeed, this balance has been present throughout the book.</b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>“On Mars and Other Heterotopias: A Conclusion” uses the career of Neil de Grasse Tyson, a black astrophysicist who is the director of the Hayden Planetarium, along with novels by Allen M. Steele, Vonda N. McIntyre, and Kim Stanley Robinson, to illustrate the third stage of astrofuturism: “astrofuturist writers of the last two decades have pursued postmodern futures that grapple with the claims of peoples whose role as active participants in the advance of human knowledge has been routinely devalued or ignored” (226). By imagining “a more participatory culture of science,” they can envision “a greater spectrum of possible futures” (227). Allen Steele’s working-class futures build their space conquest from the bottom up rather than from the top down, while McIntire imagines such a multi-gendered and -raced society that social and political consensus must arise out of “reasoned argument, common interest, and emotional commitment,” since there are no racial, sexual, or class bases for consensus (233). Robinson uses “the Mars of his imagination [as] a test site for the innovations required to solve the social and physical problems of our native planet rather than as an escape from them” (234). Robinson in particular becomes the hero of the book: “[h]is futures are not the gift of a single privileged people or messiah but emerge from a cacophony of voices that never quite resolve into a single, harmonious choir” (235). That cacophony is, for Kilgore, the sound of formerly silenced voices speaking up at last. Kilgore’s inspiring, if rushed, conclusion is that the astrofuturists “exemplify our ability to imagine just social orders using the materials at hand, seizing help from unexpected quarters. It is through this kind of imaginative work that we develop the tools we need to change the future” (238).</b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>I like this book very much. Its subject matter, its historical and descriptive approach, and its even-handed view of the race, gender, and class assumptions of his subjects make for an illuminating journey with a rigorous but compassionate guide. Importantly, Kilgore demonstrates not only how to read non-fiction with the same analytic eye as one reads fiction, but also how to read all texts without the cultural filter of whiteness as the default perceptual mode, a lesson vital for the overwhelming majority of sf critics, at least for now. It leaves some questions that I hope Kilgore and other scholars will address. What, for instance, has astrofuturism to offer black sf writers? Delany and Butler both look to the stars and find toil and enslavement, opportunity and aspiration. Are black sf writers somehow more likely to avoid the narratives of conquest—the conquest of imperialism, the conquest of domestication, the conquest of incorporation into the mainstream—outlined in this book, based on their history? How do non-white writers of science fiction treat space exploration? Are there significant differences? Let <i>Astrofuturism</i> inspire other scholars through hard work to the stars.</b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>WORKS CITED</b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>Grayson, Sandra. <i>Visions of the Third Millennium: Black Science Fiction Novelists Write the Future</i>. Trenton, NJ: Africa World, 2003.</b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. <i>Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity</i>. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2003.</b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>Thomas, Sheree R., ed. <i>Dark Matter: A Century of Speculative Fiction from the African Diaspora</i>. New York: Warner/Aspect, 2000.</b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>_____. <i>Dark Matter: Reading the Bones</i>. New York: Warner/Aspect, 2004. </b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype';">
<b>In: <i>Science Fiction Studies 97</i>, Volume 32, Part 3, November 1995.</b></div>
José Galisi Filhohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17526765251343805900noreply@blogger.com0